Rustaveli Avenue
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Rustaveli Avenue ( ka, რუსთაველის გამზირი, Rust'avelis Gamziri), formerly known as Golovin Street, is the central avenue in
Tbilisi Tbilisi ( ; ka, თბილისი, ), in some languages still known by its pre-1936 name Tiflis ( ), ( ka, ტფილისი, tr ) is the Capital city, capital and List of cities and towns in Georgia (country), largest city of Georgia ( ...
named after the
medieval In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the 5th to the late 15th centuries, similarly to the post-classical period of World history (field), global history. It began with the fall of the West ...
Georgian
poet A poet is a person who studies and creates poetry. Poets may describe themselves as such or be described as such by others. A poet may simply be the creator (thought, thinker, songwriter, writer, or author) who creates (composes) poems (oral t ...
, Shota Rustaveli. The avenue starts at Freedom Square and extends for about 1.5 km in length, before it turns into an extension of Kostava Street. Rustaveli is often considered the main thoroughfare of Tbilisi due to the numerous governmental, public, cultural, and business buildings that are located along or near the avenue. The Parliament of Georgia building, the Georgian National Opera Theater, the Rustaveli State Academic Theater, the Georgian Academy of Sciences, Kashveti Church, the Georgian Museum of Fine Arts, Simon Janashia Museum of Georgia (part of the
Georgian National Museum The Georgian National Museum ( ka, საქართველოს ეროვნული მუზეუმი, tr) unifies several leading museums in Georgia. The museum was established within the framework of structural, institutional, and ...
), and Biltmore Hotel Tbilisi among others, are all located on Rustaveli.


History

Rustaveli Avenue has its origins in the Digomi Road which connected Tbilisi to the
North Caucasus The North Caucasus, or Ciscaucasia, is a subregion in Eastern Europe governed by Russia. It constitutes the northern part of the wider Caucasus region, which separates Europe and Asia. The North Caucasus is bordered by the Sea of Azov and the B ...
via the village of to the city's north. The course of the Digomi Road partly coincided with that of the current avenue. Mikhail Vorontsov, the Russian viceroy of the Caucasus, ordered the construction of the current wide avenue in the 1840s as part of a project to Europeanize the Persian-style city. The avenue was initially named ''Golovinskiy prospekt'' () after Yevgeny Golovin, an earlier Russian viceroy. In 1918, the street received its current name in honor of medieval Georgian poet Shota Rustaveli. In 1959, an aerial cable car was opened between Rustaveli Avenue and Mount Mtatsminda. In 1966, the Rustaveli metro station opened at the avenue's northern end, followed in 1967 by the Liberty Square metro station at the avenue's southern end. The cable car to Mtatsminda was closed in 1990 following a deadly accident that killed 19 people. In November 2023, Tbilisi mayor Kakha Kaladze announced that the avenue would undergo renovation starting in 2024 and lasting about two years. In October 2024, the Rustaveli–Mtatsminda cable car was reopened.


Political events and protests

In May 1918, both the Georgian and Azerbaijani declarations of independence were signed in the former Viceroy's Palace on Rustaveli Avenue. In 1956, demonstrations against
Nikita Khrushchev Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (– 11 September 1971) was the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964 and the Premier of the Soviet Union, Chai ...
's policy of
de-Stalinization De-Stalinization () comprised a series of political reforms in the Soviet Union after Death and state funeral of Joseph Stalin, the death of long-time leader Joseph Stalin in 1953, and Khrushchev Thaw, the thaw brought about by ascension of Nik ...
were held on Rustaveli Avenue. The pro-Stalin protests were violently suppressed by Soviet troops. In 1989, tens of thousands of pro-independence
Georgians Georgians, or Kartvelians (; ka, ქართველები, tr, ), are a nation and Peoples of the Caucasus, Caucasian ethnic group native to present-day Georgia (country), Georgia and surrounding areas historically associated with the Ge ...
gathered before the House of Government on Rustaveli Avenue. An attack by the Soviet
Spetsnaz SpetsnazThe term is borrowed from rus, спецназ, p=spʲɪtsˈnas; abbreviation for or 'Special Purpose Military Units'; or () are special forces in many post-Soviet states. Historically, this term referred to the Soviet Union's Spet ...
forces killed many protesters in the April 9 tragedy. Two years later, on 9 April 1991, the restoration of Georgian independence was declared at the same location on Rustaveli Avenue. The events of 9 April 1989 established that segment of Rustaveli Avenue as a spot of particular symbolic importance in Georgian culture. In 1991, the street was the epicenter of an internal conflict that led to a
coup d'état A coup d'état (; ; ), or simply a coup , is typically an illegal and overt attempt by a military organization or other government elites to unseat an incumbent leadership. A self-coup is said to take place when a leader, having come to powe ...
against president Zviad Gamsakhurdia, the deaths of over 100 people, and the destruction of some buildings on the eastern part of the avenue. In 2003, many Georgians gathered on Rustaveli Avenue to protest the parliamentary election in what became known as the Rose Revolution. Protests against the government of president
Mikheil Saakashvili Mikheil "Misha" Saakashvili (born 21 December 1967) is a Georgian and Ukrainian politician and jurist. He was the third president of Georgia for two consecutive terms from 25 January 2004 to 17 November 2013. He is the founder and former chair ...
, previously the leader of the Rose Revolution, were held on Rustaveli Avenue in
2007 2007 was designated as the International Heliophysical Year and the International Polar Year. Events January * January 1 **Bulgaria and Romania 2007 enlargement of the European Union, join the European Union, while Slovenia joins the Eur ...
and
2011 The year marked the start of a Arab Spring, series of protests and revolutions throughout the Arab world advocating for democracy, reform, and economic recovery, later leading to the depositions of world leaders in Tunisia, Egypt, and Yemen ...
. In 2019, a series of protests against the ruling Georgian Dream party took place on the avenue. In the following years Rustaveli was the site of further protests against Georgian Dream: the 2020 post-election protests, the 2023–2024 protests against a " foreign influence" law, and the 2024 post-election protests.


Accessibility

The thoroughfare is served by the
Tbilisi Metro The Tbilisi Metro ( ka, თბილისის მეტროპოლიტენი, tr) is a rapid transit system in the Georgia (country), Georgian capital Tbilisi. Opened on 11 January 1966, it was the List of metro systems in the Soviet ...
and buses. It is one metro stop away from another historical artery of Tbilisi, Agmashenebeli Avenue.


Life on Rustaveli Avenue

Rustaveli Avenue starts at Freedom Square. The first building on Rustaveli Avenue is Rustaveli Cinema, the biggest cinema in Georgia. Opposite the cinema are the Youth Palace and former Parliament Building of Georgia. Kashveti Church is located between the Art House of Tbilisi and the Art Museum. There are many beautiful buildings on Rustaveli Avenue; among them are the Tbilisi Opera House and the Rustaveli Theatre. The avenue is full of various cafes, shops, restaurants and other entertainment places. Rustaveli Avenue is a mix of modern and 20th-century architecture. Rustaveli Avenue is a place of many public protests, but it's also the place of many outdoor exhibitions, performances, etc. The avenue is one of the best architectural and tourist centers of Tbilisi.


Notable buildings

1 - Residential building (1937-1939, architects S. Kubaneishvili, A. Kurdiani, M. Melia) 3 - National Museum of Georgia former Caucasian Museum (1913-1917, architect M. N. Neprintsev). In 1929, the facade of the building was reconstructed according to the project of architect N. Severov 5 - Rustaveli cinema (1938, architect N. Severov) 6 - Former palace of the governor - Vorontsov Palace (1868, architect O. Simonson), now the National Youth and Children's Palace 8 - Building of the Parliament of Georgia (1933-1938 - upper building, 1946-1953 - main building, architect V. Kokorin with the participation of G. Lesava) 9 - Kashveti Church (1910, architect L. Bilfeldt) 10 - Tiflis Gymnasium (1825-1831, architect A. I. Melnikov, rebuilt, now - The First Classical Gymnasium In Tbilisi) 11 - Tbilisi Art Gallery ("Blue Gallery") (1888, architect A. Salzmann). Former military-historical museum "Temple of Glory" 12 - Former Communications House (1932-1933, architect K. I. Solomonov) is one of the examples of constructivism in Tbilisi. The facade of the building in 1953-1955 was reconstructed and redesigned according to the project of architect I. N. Chkhenkeli 13 - Tbilisi Marriott Hotel, former Majestik Hotel (1915, architect G. Ter-Mikelov) 16 - Former House of Military Officers (1916, architect D. Chisliev) 17b - Shota Rustaveli Theater (1887, architect A. Szymkiewicz) 25 - Georgian National Opera Theater (1896, architect V. A. Shreter) 29 - Former branch of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism (1933-1938, architect A. Shchusev) 37 - Apartment house of Melik-Azaryants (1915, architect N. Obolonsky) 42 - Building of the publishing house "Zarya Vostok" (1926-1929, architect D. G. Chisliev) 52 - The building of the Gruzugol Trust (1949-1954, architects M. A. Chkhikvadze and K. C. Chkheidze). The prototype of the building was the Stockholm City Hall (1923, architect R. Estberg). Currently, the building belongs to the Academy of Sciences of GeorgiaJashi N. W. Georgian Soviet architecture : (On the example of Tbilisi). - Tb.: Dawn of the East, 1956. - 64 p.
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See also

* David Agmashenebeli Avenue


References

{{Authority control Streets in Tbilisi Tourist attractions in Tbilisi