Russian dialects

Russian dialects are spoken variants of the Russian language.

Russian dialects and territorial varieties are divided in two conceptual chronological and geographic categories: Kamusella, Tomasz. (2018). Russian: A Monocentric or Pluricentric Language?. Colloquia Humanistica. 2018. 153–196. 10.11649/ch.2018.010.

# The dialects of the territory of the ''primary formation'', which consist of "Old" Russia of the 16th century (before the Eastern conquests by Ivan the Terrible) and roughly correlate with the modern Central and Northwestern Federal districts. These "historical dialects" are claimed as ethnically Russian (Russkii).
# The dialects of the territory of the ''second formation'', where Russians settled after the 16th century. These new territorial varieties were produced by the Russian and Soviet imperial expansions during the last centuries and are mainly spoken by non- Slavic, non- Slavophone, and non- Orthodox populations in post-Soviet states.

In Russia

Depending on the presence or the absence of vowel reduction ( ''akanye'' and/or ''ikanye'') and the pronunciation of Proto-Slavic *g, Russian is divided into two main dialectical divisions and the intermediate one:
*Northern, in the northern and north-eastern parts of European Russia, from Veliky Novgorod to the Perm and northern Ural regions; this has no or little vowel reduction in unstressed positions and stop .
*Southern, in the western and southern parts of European Russia; this has various types of vowel reduction and fricative ; this group makes up a dialect continuum with Belarusian, although it differs significantly from the Ukrainian dialects to the further south, sharing only a few isoglosses (namely the fricative pronunciation of Proto-Slavic *g). This is due to the fact that the Russian-Ukrainian linguistic boundary has only existed since the expansion of both of these languages into the steppes, at which time they were already markedly different.
*Central or Middle is in an intermediate position between the above two, stretching from Pskov to Tver, Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, and down to the Lower Volga region; this group is very heterogeneous and consists of dialects both with and without vowel reduction and either or . The Muscovite dialect forms the basis of Standard Russian: being originally a northern dialect, with and no reduction, it later came under the southern influence and has adopted vowel reduction, but retained .

The dialects of the southern Ural, Siberia and the Far East may be of all three groups, depending on where the settlers from European Russia came from. The dialects of the Lower Don and the Northern Caucasus are of the Southern Russian origin.

Dialects within Russia

Northern Russian

:* Pomor (Arkhangelsk and Murmansk)
:* Ladoga- Tikhvin
:* Transitional groups: Onega, Lacha, Belozersk- Bezhetsk
:* Vologda
:* Kostroma- Yaroslavl

Central or Middle Russian

:* Western
::* Groups with okanye ( Gdov, Luga, Novgorod, Staraya Russa, Valday)
::* Groups with akanye ( Pskov, Velikiye Luki, Toropets, Rzhev, Torzhok)
:* Eastern
::* Groups with okanye (Tver, Klin, Sergiev Posad, Vladimir, Suzdal, Rostov, Ivanovo, Murom, Nizhny Novgorod)
::* Groups with akanye (Moscow, Kasimov, Temnikov)
:* Chukhloma enclave (with akanye)

= Bashkort Russian

=
Bashkort Russian is characterised by the adoption of native Bashkir and Tatar