The Rural Electrification Act of 1936 (REA), enacted on May 20, 1936, provided federal loans for the installation of electrical distribution systems to serve isolated rural areas of the United States. The funding was channeled through cooperative electric power companies, hundreds of which still exist today. These member-owned cooperatives purchased power on a

wholesale Wholesaling or distributing is the sale of goods or merchandise to retailers; to industrial, commercial, institutional or other professional business users; or to other wholesalers (wholesale businesses) and related subordinated services. In ...

basis and distributed it using their own network of transmission and distribution lines. The Rural Electrification Act was one of many

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proposals by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to remedy high unemployment during the

Great Depression The Great Depression was a severe global economic downturn from 1929 to 1939. The period was characterized by high rates of unemployment and poverty, drastic reductions in industrial production and international trade, and widespread bank and ...

History

On May 11, 1935, President Roosevelt issued Executive Order 7037, which created the Rural Electrification Administration. In 1936, the Congress endorsed Roosevelt's action by passing the Rural Electrification Act. At the time the Rural Electrification Act was passed, electricity was commonplace in cities but largely unavailable in farms, ranches, and other rural places. Representative John E. Rankin and Senator George William Norris were supporters of the Rural Electrification Act, which was signed into law by Roosevelt on May 20, 1936. Speaker of the House Sam Rayburn was a major proponent of the REA, which he helped pass in 1936 as Chairman of the House Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee. Rayburn stated in 1959 that ninety percent of farm homes in the U.S. were electrified, compared to three percent in the early 1930s.

Technical issues

In the 1930s, the provision of power to remote areas was not thought to be economically feasible. A 2300-

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distribution system was then used in cities. This relatively low voltage could be carried only about before the

voltage drop In electronics, voltage drop is the decrease of electric potential along the path of a current flowing in a circuit. Voltage drops in the internal resistance of the source, across conductors, across contacts, and across connectors are unde ...

became unacceptable. REA cooperatives used a 6900-volt distribution network (soon changed to the present-day 12,470/7200V 4-wire Y system), which could support much longer runs (up to about ). Despite requiring more expensive transformers at each home, the overall system cost was manageable.

Wiring homes and farms

REA crews traveled through the American countryside, bringing teams of

electrician An electrician is a tradesman, tradesperson specializing in electrical wiring of buildings, transmission lines, stationary machines, and related equipment. Electricians may be employed in the installation of new electrical components or the ...

s along with them. The electricians added wiring to houses and barns to utilize the newly available power provided by the line crews. A standard REA installation in a house (post-World War II) consisted of: * A 60- amp, 230-volt fuse panel, with: # A 60-amp range circuit # A 20-amp kitchen circuit # Two or three 15-amp lighting circuits A ceiling-mounted

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was installed in each room, usually controlled by a single

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mounted near a door. At most, one outlet was installed per room, since plug-connected appliances were expensive and uncommon. Wiring was performed using type NM (nonmetallic sheathed cable), insulated with

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-reinforced

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covered with

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and tar. Many of these original installations still exist today, though most have been augmented to support a greater number and variety of appliances.

Later amendments

Some amendments to the Rural Electrification Act include: * 1944: loan terms increased to 35 years; the act is made permanent * 1949: extended the act to allow loans to telephone companies wishing to extend their connections to unconnected rural areas * 1993: provisions to restructure the direct loan programs for rural electricity, telephone cooperatives, and

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market * December 8, 1993:

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Implementation Act—The "Buy American" provision to now include

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and

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. * 2008: provisions for access to rural

broadband In telecommunications, broadband or high speed is the wide-bandwidth (signal processing), bandwidth data transmission that exploits signals at a wide spread of frequencies or several different simultaneous frequencies, and is used in fast Inter ...

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and

rural internet Rural Internet describes the characteristics of Internet service in rural areas (also referred to as "the country" or "countryside"), which are settled places outside towns and cities. Inhabitants live in villages, Hamlet (place), hamlets, on far ...

* 2014:

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for rural gigabit broadband network

References

External links