Rumex Chrysocarpos

The docks and sorrels, genus ''Rumex'', are a genus of about 200 species of annual, biennial, and perennial herbs in the buckwheat family, Polygonaceae.
Members of this genus are very common perennial herbs with a native almost worldwide distribution, and introduced species growing in the few places where the genus is not native.

Some are nuisance weeds (and are sometimes called dockweed or dock weed), but some are grown for their edible leaves. ''Rumex'' species are used as food plants by the larvae of a number of Lepidoptera species, and are the only host plants of '' Lycaena rubidus.''

Description

They are erect plants, usually with long taproots. The fleshy to leathery leaves form a basal rosette at the root. The basal leaves may be different from those near the inflorescence. They may or may not have stipules. Minor leaf veins occur. The leaf blade margins are entire or crenate.

The usually inconspicuous flowers are carried above the leaves in clusters. The fertile flowers are mostly hermaphrodites, or they may be functionally male or female. The flowers and seeds grow on long clusters at the top of a stalk emerging from the basal rosette; in many species, the flowers are green, but in some (such as sheep's sorrel, ''Rumex acetosella'') the flowers and their stems may be brick-red. Each seed is a three-sided achene, often with a round tubercle on one or all three sides.

Taxonomy

The genus was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. Within the family Polygonaceae, it is placed in the subfamily Polygonoideae. The genus ''Emex'' was separated from ''Rumex'' by Francisco Campderá in 1819 on the basis that it was polygamous (i.e. had both bisexual and unisexual flowers on the same plant). However, some species of ''Rumex'' subg. ''Acetosa'' also have this characteristic, and most other features that are supposed to distinguish ''Emex'' are found in species of ''Rumex''. Accordingly, in 2015, Schuster et al. demoted ''Emex'' to a subgenus of ''Rumex''.

Within the subfamily Polygonoideae, ''Rumex'' is placed in the tribe Rumiceae, along with the two genera '' Oxyria'' and '' Rheum''. It is most closely related to ''Rheum'', which includes Rhubarb.

Species

, Plants of the World Online accepted the following species. A large number of hybrids are also recorded.

*'' Rumex abyssinicus'' Jacq.
*''Rumex acetosa'' L. – sorrel, common sorrel, garden sorrel, narrow-leaved dock, spinach dock
*''Rumex acetosella'' L. – sheep's sorrel, common sheep sorrel, field sorrel, red sorrel
*''Rumex aegyptiacus'' L.
*'' Rumex aeroplaniformis'' Eig
*'' Rumex albescens'' Hillebr. – Oahu dock
*'' Rumex alcockii'' Rech.f.
*''Rumex algeriensis'' Barratte & Murb.
*''Rumex alpinus'' L. – alpine dock, monk's rhubarb
*''Rumex altissimus'' Alph.Wood – pale dock, smooth dock, peach-leaf dock
*'' Rumex alveolatus'' Losinsk.
*'' Rumex amanus'' Rech.f.
*''Rumex amurensis'' F.Schmidt ex Maxim
*'' Rumex andinus'' Rech.f.
*''Rumex angulatus'' Rech.f.
*'' Rumex angustifolius'' Campd.
*''Rumex aquaticiformis'' Rech.f.
*''Rumex aquaticus'' L. – western dock, Scottish dock
*''Rumex aquitanicus'' Rech.f.
*''Rumex arcticus'' Trautv.
*''Rumex arcuatoramosus'' Rech.f.
*'' Rumex argentinus'' Rech.f.
*''Rumex arifolius'' All.
*''Rumex aristidis'' Coss.
*''Rumex armenus'' K.Koch
*''Rumex atlanticus'' Coss. ex Batt.
*''Rumex aureostigmatica'' Kom.
*'' Rumex azoricus'' Rech.f.
*''Rumex balcanicus'' Rech.f.
*''Rumex beringensis'' Jurtzev & V.V.Petrovsky – Bering Sea dock
*''Rumex bidens'' R.Br.
*''Rumex bipinnatus'' L.f.
*''Rumex bithynicus'' Rech.f.
*''Rumex brachypodus'' Rech.f.
*''Rumex brasiliensis'' Link
*''Rumex britannica'' L.
*'' Rumex brownii'' Campd. – Browne's dock
*'' Rumex bryhnii'' Snogerup
*'' Rumex bucephalophorus'' L. – red dock
*''Rumex californicus'' Rech.f.
*''Rumex caucasicus'' Rech.f.
*''Rumex chalepensis'' Mill.

*'' Rumex chrysocarpos'' Moris
*''Rumex confertus'' Willd. – Asiatic dock
*''Rumex conglomeratus'' Murray – clustered dock, sharp dock
*'' Rumex cordatus'' Poir.
*'' Rumex costaricensis'' Rech.f.
*''Rumex crassus'' Rech.f.
*'' Rumex crispellus'' Rech.f.
*''Rumex crispissimus'' Kuntze
*''Rumex crispus'' L. – curled dock, curly dock, yellow dock, sour dock, narrow dock, garden patience, narrow-leaved dock
*''Rumex cristatus'' DC.
*'' Rumex crystallinus'' Lange – shiny dock
*''Rumex cuneifolius'' Campd.
*''Rumex cyprius'' Murb.
*''Rumex darwinianus'' Rech.f.
*''Rumex densiflorus'' Osterh. – dense-flower dock, dense-flowered dock
*''Rumex dentatus'' L. – toothed dock
*'' Rumex dregeanus'' Meisn.
*'' Rumex drummondii'' Meisn.
*''Rumex dumosus'' A.Cunn. ex Meisn. – wiry dock
*'' Rumex elbrusensis'' Boiss.
*''Rumex ellipticus'' Greene
*'' Rumex ephedroides'' Bornm.
*'' Rumex evenkiensis'' Elis.
*''Rumex fascicularis'' Small
*'' Rumex fischeri'' Rchb.
*''Rumex flexicaulis'' Rech.f.
*''Rumex flexuosus'' Sol. ex G.Forst.
*''Rumex floridanus'' Meisn.
*''Rumex frutescens'' Thouars – wedgeleaf dock
*''Rumex fueginus'' Phil.
*'' Rumex gangotrianus'' Aswal & S.K.Srivast.
*'' Rumex garipensis'' Meisn.
*''Rumex giganteus'' W.T.Aiton – pawale
*''Rumex ginii'' Jahandiez & Maire
*''Rumex gmelinii'' Turcz. ex Ledeb.
*'' Rumex gracilescens'' Rech.f.
*''Rumex graminifolius'' Georgi ex Lamb. – grassleaf sorrel
*''Rumex hastatulus'' Baldwin – heartwing dock, heartwing sorrel
*'' Rumex hastatus'' D.Don
*''Rumex hesperius'' Greene
*''Rumex hultenii'' Tzvelev
*'' Rumex hydrolapathum'' Huds. – great water dock
*''Rumex hymenosepalus'' Torr. – canaigre, canaigre dock
*''Rumex hypogaeus'' T.M.Schust. & Reveal
*''Rumex inconspicuus'' Rech.f.
*''Rumex induratus'' Boiss. & Reut.
*''Rumex intermedius'' DC.
*''Rumex jacutensis'' Kom.
*'' Rumex japonicus'' Houtt.
*''Rumex kandavanicus'' (Rech.f.) Rech.f.
*'' Rumex kerneri'' Borbás – Kerner's dock
*''Rumex komarovii'' Schischk. & Serg.
*'' Rumex krausei'' Jurtzev & V.V.Petrovsky – Krause's sorrel
*'' Rumex lacustris'' Greene
*''Rumex lanceolatus'' Thunb.
*'' Rumex lapponicus'' (Hiitonen) Czernov
*''Rumex lativalvis'' Meisn.
*''Rumex leptocaulis'' Brandbyge & Rech.f.
*'' Rumex limoniastrum'' Jaub. & Spach
*''Rumex longifolius'' DC. – dooryard dock, northern dock
*''Rumex lorentzianus'' Lindau
*''Rumex lunaria'' L.
*''Rumex madaio'' Makino
*'' Rumex maderensis'' Lowe
*'' Rumex magellanicus'' Campd.
*'' Rumex maricola'' J.Rémy
*''Rumex maritimus'' L. – golden dock, bristle dock, seashore dock
*''Rumex marschallianus'' Rchb.
*''Rumex mexicanus'' Meisn.
*'' Rumex microcarpus'' Campd.
*'' Rumex nebroides'' Campd.

*''Rumex neglectus'' Kirk
*'' Rumex nematopodus'' Rech.f. – Arizona dock
*'' Rumex nepalensis'' Spreng.
*'' Rumex nervosus'' Vahl
*''Rumex nivalis'' Hegetschw.
*''Rumex oblongifolius'' Tolm.
*'' Rumex obovatus'' Danser – tropical dock
*''Rumex obtusifolius'' L. – broad-leaved dock, bitter dock, bluntleaf dock, butter dock
*''Rumex occidentalis'' S.Watson
*''Rumex occultans'' Sam.
*''Rumex olympicus'' Boiss.
*'' Rumex orbiculatus'' A.Gray – great water dock
*'' Rumex orthoneurus'' Rech.f. – Chiricahua mountain dock
*'' Rumex pallidus'' Bigelow – seaside dock
*''Rumex palustris'' Sm. – marsh dock
*''Rumex papilio'' Coss. & Balansa
*'' Rumex papillaris'' Boiss. & Reut.
*''Rumex paraguayensis'' D.Parodi – Paraguayan dock
*''Rumex patagonicus'' Rech.f.
*'' Rumex patientia'' L. – patience dock, garden patience, monk's rhubarb
*''Rumex paucifolius'' Nutt. – alpine sheep's sorrel, few-leaved dock, meadow dock
*'' Rumex paulsenianus'' Rech.f.
*''Rumex persicarioides'' L.
*''Rumex peruanus'' Rech.f.
*''Rumex pictus'' Forssk.
*''Rumex polycarpus'' Rech.f.
*''Rumex ponticus'' E.H.L.Krause
*''Rumex popovii'' Pachom.
*'' Rumex praecox'' Rydb.
*''Rumex pseudonatronatus'' (Borbás) Murb. – field dock
*''Rumex pseudoxyria'' (Tolm.) Khokhr.
*'' Rumex pulcher'' L. – fiddle dock
*''Rumex punjabensis'' K.M.Vaid & H.B.Naithani
*''Rumex pycnanthus'' Rech.f.
*''Rumex rectinervius'' Rech.f.
*''Rumex rhodesius'' Rech.f.
*'' Rumex romassa'' Remy
*'' Rumex roseus'' L.
*''Rumex rossicus'' Murb.
*'' Rumex rugosus'' Campd.
*''Rumex rupestris'' Le Gall – shore dock
*''Rumex ruwenzoriensis'' Chiov.
*''Rumex sagittatus'' Thunb.
*'' Rumex salicifolius'' Weinm. – willow dock, willow-leaved dock
*''Rumex sanguineus'' L. – wood dock, redvein dock
*''Rumex scutatus'' L. – French sorrel, leaf-shield sorrel
*'' Rumex sellowianus'' Rech.f.
*''Rumex sibiricus'' Hultén – Siberian dock
*''Rumex similans'' Rech.f.
*''Rumex simpliciflorus'' Murb.
*''Rumex skottsbergii'' O.Deg. & I.Deg. – lava dock
*''Rumex songaricus'' Fisch. & C.A.Mey.
*'' Rumex spathulatus'' Thunb.
*'' Rumex spinosus'' L.
*''Rumex spiralis'' Small – winged dock
*''Rumex stenoglottis'' Rech.f.
*''Rumex stenophyllus'' Ledeb.
*'' Rumex subarcticus'' Lepage
*'' Rumex suffruticosus'' J.Gay ex Meisn.
*''Rumex tenax'' Rech.f.
*''Rumex thjanschanicus'' Losinsk.
*'' Rumex thyrsiflorus'' Fingerh.
*''Rumex thyrsoides'' Desf.
*'' Rumex tmoleus'' Boiss.
*''Rumex tolimensis'' Wedd.
*'' Rumex transitorius'' Rech.f.
*''Rumex triangulivalvis'' (Danser) Rech.f.
*'' Rumex trisetifer'' Stokes
*''Rumex tuberosus'' L.
*'' Rumex tunetanus'' Barratte & Murb.
*'' Rumex turcomanicus'' (Rech.f.) Czerep.
*'' Rumex ucranicus'' Fisch. ex Spreng.
*'' Rumex ujskensis'' Rech.f.
*'' Rumex uruguayensis'' Rech.f.
*''Rumex usambarensis'' (Engl.) Dammer
*'' Rumex utahensis'' Rech.f.
*'' Rumex venosus'' Pursh – veiny dock, sand dock
*''Rumex verticillatus'' L. – swamp dock, water dock
*'' Rumex vesicarius'' L. – bladder dock
*''Rumex violascens'' Rech.f. – violet dock
*'' Rumex woodii'' N.E.Br.
*'' Rumex yungningensis'' Sam.

Uses

These plants have many uses. Broad-leaved dock (''Rumex obtusifolius'') used to be called butter dock because its large leaves were used to wrap and conserve butter.

''Rumex hymenosepalus'' has been cultivated in the Southwestern US as a source of tannin (roots contain up to 25%), for use in leather tanning, while leaves and stems are used for a mordant-free mustard-colored dye.

These plants are edible. The leaves of most species contain oxalic acid and tannin, and many have astringent and slightly purgative qualities. Some species with particularly high levels of oxalic acid are called sorrels (including sheep's sorrel ''Rumex acetosella'', common sorrel ''Rumex acetosa'', and French sorrel ''Rumex scutatus''), and some of these are grown as leaf vegetables or garden herbs for their acidic taste.

In the United Kingdom, ''Rumex obtusifolius'' is often found growing near stinging nettles, owing to both species favouring a similar environment, and there is a widely held belief that the underside of the dock leaf, squeezed to extract a little juice, can be rubbed on the skin to counteract the itching caused by brushing against a nettle plant. This home remedy is not supported by any science, although it is possible that the act of rubbing may act as a distracting counterstimulation, or that belief in the dock's effect may provide a placebo effect.

In traditional Austrian medicine, ''R. alpinus ''leaves and roots have been used internally for treatment of viral infections.

Rumex nepalensis is also has a variety of medicinal uses in the Greater Himalayas, including Sikkim in Northeastern India.

Fossil record

Several fossil fruits of ''Rumex'' sp. have been described from middle Miocene strata of the Fasterholt area near Silkeborg in Central Jutland, Denmark.
One fossil fruit of a ''Rumex'' species has been extracted from a borehole sample of the Middle Miocene fresh water deposits in Nowy Sacz Basin, West Carpathians, Poland. This fossil fruit is similar to the fruits of the extant species ''Rumex maritimus'' and ''Rumex ucranicus'' which both have fossil records from the Pliocene and Pleistocene of Europe.Macroscopic plant remains from the freshwater Miocene of the Nowy Sącz Basin (West Carpathians, Poland) by Maria Łańcucka-Środoniowa, Acta Palaeobotanica 1979 20 (1): 3-117.

Nutrition

Nutrition information is shown in the infobox on the right.

See also

* Antipruritic

References

External links

Rumex acetosella
Missouri Botanical Garden's efloras.org.

Identification and edible parts of Rumex spp.
Video:- Dock (Rumex) As Wild Edible Food Part 1 , Frank Cook
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{{Taxonbar, from1=Q157264, from2=Q15926219, from3=Q32252794, from4=Q32254567, from5=Q1632348, from6=Q15928071

Polygonaceae genera
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Taxa described in 1753