Rui Shi

Chinese guardian lions, or imperial guardian lions, are a traditional Chinese architectural ornament. Typically made of stone, they are also known as stone lions or shishi (). They are known in colloquial English as lion dogs, foo dogs, or fu dogs. The concept, which originated and became popular in Chinese Buddhism, features a pair of Asiatic lions — often one male with a ball that represents the material elements and one female with a cub that represents the element of spirit — that were thought to protect the building from harmful spiritual influences and harmful people that might be a threat. Used in imperial Chinese palaces and tombs, the lions subsequently spread to other parts of Asia including Japan (see komainu), Korea, Mongolia, the Philippines, Tibet, Thailand, Myanmar, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, Cambodia, Laos, Singapore, and Malaysia.

Description

Statues of guardian lions have traditionally stood in front of Chinese Imperial palaces, Imperial tombs, government offices, temples, and the homes of government officials and the wealthy, and were believed to have powerful mythic protective benefits. They are also used in other artistic contexts, for example on door-knockers, and in pottery. Pairs of guardian lion statues are still common and symbolic elements at the entrances to restaurants, hotels, supermarkets and other structures, with one sitting on each side of the entrance, in China and in other places around the world where the Chinese people have immigrated and settled, especially in local Chinatowns.

The lions are usually depicted in pairs. When used as statuary, the pair would consist of a male leaning his paw upon an embroidered ball (in imperial contexts, representing supremacy over the world) and a female restraining a playful cub that is on its back (representing nurture).

Etymology

Guardian lions are referred to in various ways depending on language and context. In Chinese, they are traditionally called simply ''shi'' () meaning lion—the word ''shi'' itself is thought to be derived from the Persian word ''šer''. Lions were first presented to the Han court by emissaries from Central Asia and Persia, and were already popularly depicted as guardian figures by the sixth century AD. Today, the guardian lions are more usually specified by reference to the medium or material, for example:
* ''Stone lion'' (): for a stone sculpture; or
* ''Bronze lion'' (): for a bronze sculpture.

and less commonly:
* ''Auspicious lion'' (): referring to the Tibetan Snow Lion or good fortune.

In other Asian cultures

* In Cambodia: known as ''Singha'' or ''Sing'' ()
* In India: known as ''Sher'', ''Singha'', or ''Chinggam'' (, , or )
* In Japan: the lion figures are known as ''Shishi'' (, lion) or ''Komainu'' (, Korean dog)
* In Korea: known as ''Sanye'' ()
* In Myanmar and Laos: known as ''Chinthe,'' the namesake of the World War II Chindit soldiers
* In Okinawa: known as '' Shisa''
* In Sri Lanka: known as ''Singha'' ()
* In Thailand: known as ''Singha'' or ''s̄ingh̄̒'' ()
* In Tibet: known as a '' Snow Lion'' or ''Gangs-seng-ge'' ()
* In Vietnam: known as '

Western names

In English and several Western languages, the guardian lions have often been referred by a multitude of names such as: "Fu Dogs", "Foo Dogs", "Fu Lions", "Fo Lions", and "Lion Dogs". The term "''Fo''" or "''Fu''" may be transliterations to the words () or (), which means "Buddha" or "prosperity" in Chinese, respectively. However, Chinese reference to the guardian lions are seldom prefixed with or , and more importantly never referred to as "dogs".

Reference to guardian lions as dogs in Western cultures may be due to the Japanese reference to them as "Korean dogs" () due to their transmission from China through Korea into Japan. It may also be due to the misidentification of the guardian lion figures as representing certain Chinese dog breeds such as the Chow Chow () or Pekingese ().

Appearance

The lions are traditionally carved from decorative stone, such as marble or granite, or cast in bronze or iron. Because of the high cost of these materials and the labor required to produce them, private use of guardian lions was traditionally reserved for wealthy or elite families. Indeed, a traditional symbol of a family's wealth or social status was the placement of guardian lions in front of the family home. However, in modern times less expensive lions, mass-produced in concrete and resin, have become available and their use is therefore no longer restricted to the elite.

The lions are always presented in pairs, a manifestation of yin and yang, the female representing yin and the male yang. The male lion has his right front paw on a type of cloth ball simply called an " embroidered ball" (), which is sometimes carved with a geometric pattern. The female is essentially identical, but has a cub under the left paw, representing the cycle of life. Symbolically, the female lion protects those dwelling inside (the living soul within), while the male guards the structure (the external material elements). Sometimes the female has her mouth closed, and the male open. This symbolizes the enunciation of the sacred word "om". However, Japanese adaptations state that the male is inhaling, representing life, while the female exhales, representing death. Other styles have both lions with a single large pearl in each of their partially opened mouths. The pearl is carved so that it can roll about in the lion's mouth but sized just large enough so that it can never be removed.

According to feng shui, correct placement of the lions is important to ensure their beneficial effect. When looking at the entrance from outside the building, facing the lions, the male lion with the ball is on the right, and the female with the cub is on the left. For Hindu and Buddhist temples in South Asia, the Vastu Shastra (the South Asian equivalent to Feng Shui) advises lion guardian statues to be placed at the entrance of temples to protect the sacred space from negative entities. These can be most prominently found in the Indian states of Tamil Nadu, Odisha, West Bengal, and Manipur. Each region has its distinctive style which the ''Samaragana Sutradhara'' categorizes into four types. Temple lions are sometimes depicted with a foot placed on top of a crouching elephant, or occasionally with the head of an elephant (''gajasimha'').

Chinese lions are intended to reflect the emotion of the animal as opposed to the reality of the lion. This is in distinct opposition to the traditional English lion which is a lifelike depiction of the animal. The claws, teeth and eyes of the Chinese lion represent power. Few if any muscles are visible in the Chinese lion whereas the English lion shows its power through its life-like characteristics rather than through stylized representation.

History

Asiatic lions are believed to be the ones depicted by the guardian lions in Chinese culture.

With increased trade during the Han dynasty and cultural exchanges through the Silk Road, lions were introduced into China from the ancient states of Central Asia by peoples of Sogdiana, Samarkand, and the Yuezhi () in the form of pelts and live tribute, along with stories about them from Buddhist priests and travelers of the time.

Several instances of lions as imperial tributes from Central Asia were recorded in the document ''Book of the Later Han'' () written from 25 to 220 CE. On one particular event, on the eleventh lunar month of 87 CE, "... an envoy from Parthia offered as tribute a lion and an ostrich" to the Han court. Indeed, the lion was associated by the Han Chinese to earlier venerated creatures of the ancient Chinese, most notably by the monk Huilin () who stated that "the mythic suan-ni () is actually the lion, coming from the Western Regions" ().

There are various styles of guardian lions reflecting influences from different time periods, imperial dynasties, and regions of China. These styles vary in their artistic detail and adornment as well as in the depiction of the lions from fierce to serene.

Although the form of the Chinese guardian lion was quite varied during its early history in China, the appearance, pose, and accessories of the lions eventually became standardized and formalized during the Ming and Qing dynasties into more or less its present form.

Gallery

File:Keramikfigur från Qing dynastin - Hallwylska museet - 95504.tif, A horn blower riding a guardian lion, Qing dynasty
File:Foo dog at San Agustin Church in Manila.png, One of the many old Foo dogs at San Agustin Church (Manila) in the Philippines.
File:Basilica del Santo Niño - Front Door Foo Dog - Left-Hand Side.jpg, One of the foo dogs at Basilica del Santo Niño in the Philippines. The foo dog pair in the church are both male, similar to other churches in the islands.
File:Suanni xianglu.JPG, A lion-like ''suanni'' depicted on the leg of an incense burner
File:Porcelaine chinoise Guimet 231104.jpg, A sitting lion statue, celadon, 11th to 12th century, Song dynasty
File:FuDog.JPG, A white stone shi (male)
File:Östasiatisk keramik. Fohund, 2 st. Mingdynastin - Hallwylska museet - 95970.tif, Green guardian lions, Ming dynasty
File:ImperialMotherLionGuard.jpg, Female guardian lion with her cub at the Summer Palace, Beijing- late Qing dynasty, but in the Ming style
File:ImperialLionCub.jpg, Cub detail
File:StandingMingLion.jpg, Standing lion at the Ming dynasty tombs Spirit Way
File:Guardian lion statue.jpg, Statue of a mystical Chinese guardian lion in old Beijing, China
File:China - Beijing 12 - lion outside the Tibetan Monastery (134036069).jpg, A guardian lion outside Yonghe Temple, Beijing
File:Iron Lion of Cangzhou 2007.jpg, The Iron Lion of Cangzhou, cast in 953 AD, is the largest known and oldest surviving iron-cast artwork in China
File:Chinese Guardian Lion 02.jpg, A guardian lion in Pingxi District, Taiwan
File:Wen Wu Temple - Chinese lion.jpg, A guardian lion of Wen Wu Temple, Taiwan
File:Guardian Lions.jpg, A pair of guardian lions of Gaoyi Que, 209 AD Han
File:Imperial guardian lion - Ngee Ann City - Singapore (gabbe).jpg, Imperial guardian lion outside Ngee Ann City in Singapore
File:Green Palace Bogd Khan 149183775 8aa3cfd1c9 b.jpg, Guardian Lion outside the Green Palace, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
File:"Guardian Lion" at Brooklyn Museum IMG 3865.JPG, Guardian Lion, Brooklyn Museum, New York City
File:Chinese guardian lion at Petrovskaya Embankment.jpg, Guardian Lion in Saint Petersburg, Russia
File:Tiahuanuco_Statue_-_Sacred_Mysteries_-_p102a.jpg, Guardian Lion statue from Tiahuanuco Gate Tiwanaku, Bolivia

Literary and pop-culture references

* In the novelet "White Magic" by Albert E. Cowdrey (''The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction'', March 1998), the protagonist has a "foo" lion/dog that serves as his "familiar" and comes alive, when necessary, to protect him and his neighbors.
* In the planned spinoffs of the comics based on the ''Gargoyles'' Disney TV animated series, the "timedancing" gargoyle Brooklyn receives a green-skinned, leonine gargoyle beast that is named "fu-dog" from the Western name of the Chinese guardian lion statuary.
* Stone lions feature in a well-known Chinese tongue-twister: .
* In ''The Dresden Files'' series of books by Jim Butcher, the protagonist, wizard investigator Harry Dresden, comes into possession of a tiny puppy whom he names “Mouse.” Mouse grows into an unusually large mastiff-like dog with human level intelligence, remarkable resilience and strength, and the ability to perceive and attack spirits and non-corporeal beings. In ''Turn Coat,'' wizard Ancient Mai identifies Mouse as a “Foo Dog” and asks how Dresden came by him and why he was allowed to keep him. Dresden observes that Mouse picked him, and Mouse confirms this in a later book.
* In Richard Russo’s novel ''Nobody's Fool'', Miss Beryl Peoples owns a two-headed "foo dog" she purchased while traveling the Orient. Miss Beryl claims it is called a "foo" dog because the dog says, "Foo on you!" when he is not approving of a person's actions.
* In Roger Zelazny's novel '' Lord Demon'', the protagonist Kai Wren has two Fu dogs as pets - the green male Shiriki and the orange-red female Shambhala.
* The Legendary Pokémon Entei is potentially inspired by a Chinese guardian lion, most famously on '' Pokémon 3: The Movie – Spell of the Unown: Entei''.
* In '' The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor'', the Emperor transforms into a Chinese guardian lion.
* On ''Dragonheart'', Draco's design is partially inspired by a Chinese guardian lion.
* In '' Gosei Sentai Dairanger'', the Green Ranger and associated mecha called Star Shishi are based upon the Chinese guardian lion. When adapted for the second season of the American series ''Mighty Morphin Power Rangers'', the mecha was named the Lion Thunderzord and used by the Black Ranger.
* In '' Avatar: The Last Airbender'' and ''The Legend of Korra'', Lion Turtles are giant and wise creatures with the head of a guardian lion and the body of a turtle.
* In the Marvel Cinematic Universe film ''Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings'', the Chinese guardian lions reside in a Lo and act as protectors for its inhabitants. They are capable of harming and destroying the soul-stealing minions of the Dweller-in-Darkness without the use of dragon scales.

* In '' Like a Dragon Gaiden: The Man Who Erased His Name'', the character of Kosei Shishido has a Shishi tattooed onto his back.

See also

* Asiatic lions found in nearby India are the ones depicted in Chinese culture.
* Chimera
* Chinese culture
* Chinese dragon
* Chinese mythology
* Chinthe — similar lion statues in Burma, Laos and Cambodia
* Cultural depictions of lions
* Fu dog — dog breeds originating in China that resemble "Chinese guardian lions" and hence are also called Lion Dogs.
* Gargoyle
* Griffin
* Haetae to compare with similar lion-like statues in Korea
* Kanglā shā — a similar usage in Meitei culture
* Komainu to compare its use in Japanese culture
* Lamassu
* Lion dance — another use of lion imagery in costume and motion.
* Medici lions
* Menshen — also known as door gods
* Nghê — creatures with similar functions to Chinese guardian lions in Vietnamese culture
* Nian to compare with a similar, but horned (unicorn) mythical beast
* Piraeus Lion
* Pixiu to compare with a similar, but winged mythical beast
* Qilin — another mythical creature in Chinese culture
* Shisa — similar lion statues in the Ryukyu Islands
* Sphinx
* Tibetan Snow Lion
* Traditional Chinese Lions (Indianapolis Zoo)
* Xiezhi

References

External links

Foo Dog in Tattoo Art. Meaning and Design Ideas


A blog about the adventures of a Foo Dog statue all over the United States


''Netsuke: masterpieces from the Metropolitan Museum of Art''
an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains many representations of Chinese guardian lions

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Chinese architectural history
Sculptures of lions