Rufford Old Hall
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Rufford Old Hall is a
National Trust The National Trust () is a heritage and nature conservation charity and membership organisation in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. The Trust was founded in 1895 by Octavia Hill, Sir Robert Hunter and Hardwicke Rawnsley to "promote the ...
property in
Rufford, Lancashire Rufford is a village in West Lancashire, England, where the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, Liverpool, Ormskirk and Preston Railway, the A59 and the River Douglas meet. Rufford is also a civil parish, which includes the neighbouring village of ...
, in north-west England. Built in the late fifteenth or early sixteenth centuries for the Hesketh family, only the
great hall A great hall is the main room of a royal palace, castle or a large manor house or hall house in the Middle Ages. It continued to be built in the country houses of the 16th and early 17th centuries, although by then the family used the great cha ...
survives from the original structure. A brick-built wing in the Jacobean style was added in 1661, at right angles to the great hall, and a third wing was added in the 1820s. The hall is designated by
English Heritage English Heritage (officially the English Heritage Trust) is a charity that manages over 400 historic monuments, buildings and places. These include prehistoric sites, a battlefield, medieval castles, Roman forts, historic industrial sites, Lis ...
as a Grade I
listed building In the United Kingdom, a listed building is a structure of particular architectural or historic interest deserving of special protection. Such buildings are placed on one of the four statutory lists maintained by Historic England in England, Hi ...
, and the cottage, coach house and stables in the courtyard at the rear of the hall are designated Grade II. Rufford features the only known surviving example of a sixteenth-century carved wooden screen made of bog oak; a collection of rural memorabilia displayed in the stables and throughout the house; and a collection of arms and armour from the fifteenth to the seventeenth-century. The best-known feature of the
Victorian Victorian or Victorians may refer to: 19th century * Victorian era, British history during Queen Victoria's 19th-century reign ** Victorian architecture ** Victorian house ** Victorian decorative arts ** Victorian fashion ** Victorian literatur ...
gardens is a giant pair of
topiary Topiary is the horticultural practice of training perennial plants by clipping the foliage and twigs of trees, shrubs and subshrubs to develop and maintain clearly defined shapes, whether geometric or fanciful. The term also refers to plants w ...
squirrels.


History


Early years

Rufford Old Hall – located in the village of
Rufford, Lancashire Rufford is a village in West Lancashire, England, where the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, Liverpool, Ormskirk and Preston Railway, the A59 and the River Douglas meet. Rufford is also a civil parish, which includes the neighbouring village of ...
, north of
Ormskirk Ormskirk is a market town in the West Lancashire district of Lancashire, England. It is located north of Liverpool, northwest of St Helens, Merseyside, St Helens, southeast of Southport and southwest of Preston, Lancashire, Preston. Ormski ...
– was built for the Hesketh family,
lords of the manor Lord of the manor is a title that, in Anglo-Saxon England and Norman England, referred to the landholder of a historical rural estate. The titles date to the English Feudalism, feudal (specifically English feudal barony, baronial) system. The ...
of Rufford. The present owner, the
National Trust The National Trust () is a heritage and nature conservation charity and membership organisation in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. The Trust was founded in 1895 by Octavia Hill, Sir Robert Hunter and Hardwicke Rawnsley to "promote the ...
, dates the building to around 1530,Dean, p. 2 but the architectural historian
Nikolaus Pevsner Sir Nikolaus Bernhard Leon Pevsner (30 January 1902 – 18 August 1983) was a German-British art historian and architectural historian best known for his monumental 46-volume series of county-by-county guides, ''The Buildings of England'' (195 ...
puts the date earlier, at the late fifteenth century, comparing the architecture with contemporary
historic house A historic house generally meets several criteria before being listed by an official body as "historic." Generally the building is at least a certain age, depending on the rules for the individual list. A second factor is that the building be i ...
s in Lancashire:
Smithills Hall Smithills Hall is a Grade I listed manor house, and a scheduled monument in Smithills, Bolton, Greater Manchester, England. It stands on the slopes of the West Pennine Moors above Bolton at a height of , north west of the town centre. It o ...
,
Ordsall Hall Ordsall Hall is a large former manor house in the historic parish of Ordsall, Greater Manchester, Ordsall, Lancashire, now part of the City of Salford, in Greater Manchester, England. It dates back more than 750 years, although the oldest survi ...
and
Samlesbury Hall Samlesbury Hall is a historic house in Samlesbury, Lancashire, England, east of Preston. It was built in 1325 by Gilbert de Southworth (b. 1270), and was the primary home of the Southworth family until the early 17th century. Samlesbury Hall ...
. Some sources state that it was built for Sir Robert Hesketh, but Pevsner calls this guesswork.Pevsner, p. 212 The Trust suggests his father, Sir Thomas Hesketh, as builder.Greeves, p. 270 There is a local tradition that the young
William Shakespeare William Shakespeare ( 23 April 1564 – 23 April 1616) was an English playwright, poet and actor. He is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's nation ...
performed at the hall, although there is no evidence to substantiate it. The oldest surviving part of the hall is a timber-framed manor house. The great hall is the central part of an H-shaped structure which originally had two wings. It is an outstanding example of Tudor hammerbeam construction, richly carved and broadly proportioned. The timber-framed west wing containing the family apartments has disappeared, reportedly burnt down, and in 1662 a new brick building with accommodation for both family and servants was built to the north of the east wing. The east wing was rebuilt in the 1720s using sixteenth-century timbers brought from Holmeswood Hall, another Hesketh residence, not far from Rufford. It contains the dining room, anteroom and first-floor drawing room.


18th century to present day

By the mid-eighteenth century, Tudor houses like Rufford were regarded as old fashioned and insufficiently luxurious. Sir Thomas Hesketh, first baronet, had a more comfortable house built in neo-classical style – Rufford New Hall – nearby. The house was abandoned as a residence in about 1798, after which it was for a time occupied by a tenant farmer, and the banqueting hall housed a village school. It was repaired and refitted in 1821 for the eldest son of the family, Thomas Henry Hesketh. The east wing was enlarged and remodelled in
Tudor Gothic English Gothic is an architectural style that flourished from the late 12th until the mid-17th century. The style was most prominently used in the construction of cathedrals and churches. Gothic architecture's defining features are pointed a ...
style, to complement both the half-timbered great hall on one side and the red-brick building of 1662 on the other. Thomas Henry Hesketh lived there until his succession to the estates as the fourth baronet in 1842. According to the National Trust, the antiquarian treatment in the 1820s, following on from that of the 1720s, firmly established Rufford Old Hall as "a house of Gothic romance, for which the Victorian Heskeths delighted in acquiring old oak furniture, stained glass and arms and armour".
Simon Jenkins Sir Simon David Jenkins FLSW (born 10 June 1943) is a British author, a newspaper columnist and editor. He was editor of the ''Evening Standard'' from 1976 to 1978 and of ''The Times'' from 1990 to 1992. Jenkins chaired the National Trust f ...
is less convinced by the Victorian
Jacobethan The Jacobethan ( ) architectural style, also known as Jacobean Revival, is the mixed national Renaissance revival style that was made popular in England from the late 1820s, which derived most of its inspiration and its repertory from the Engli ...
additions, suggesting that they give the hall's exterior, "too much the appearance of a
Swiss chalet Swiss Chalet is a Canadian chain of casual dining restaurants founded in 1954 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Swiss Chalet has locations in most Canadian provinces, but about 80% are in Ontario and there are currently none in Quebec or British Co ...
".Jenkins, 2003, pp. 409-410 In 1867 the Heskeths inherited the estate of
Easton Neston Easton Neston is situated in south Northamptonshire, England. Though the village of Easton Neston which was inhabited until around 1500 is now gone, the parish retains the name. At the 2011 Census the population of the civil parish remained le ...
in Northamptonshire, and from that time Rufford ceased to be the main family seat. From 1920 the Old Hall was briefly occupied by Thomas Fermor-Hesketh, later first Baron Hesketh, who in 1936 presented the house and its grounds to the
National Trust The National Trust () is a heritage and nature conservation charity and membership organisation in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. The Trust was founded in 1895 by Octavia Hill, Sir Robert Hunter and Hardwicke Rawnsley to "promote the ...
, together with historically important contents and a well-established Victorian garden. From the start of its ownership, the National Trust sought to equip the hall with furniture contemporary with the original building. In 1937 the trust appealed for donations so that the hall could be furnished, as far as possible, as it was at the time it was built. The hall became a popular attraction for visitors, even during the
Second World War World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
. The timbers in the great hall have twice suffered attack from death watch beetle, in 1948 and 1958, threatening the gable end of the great hall with collapse, and causing considerable outlay on remedial work. It was necessary to dismantle the whole roof and steep the timbers to render them immune to the beetle before the timbers could be replaced. The hall is reputedly haunted by at least three ghosts: a grey lady, a man in Elizabethan clothing, and Queen
Elizabeth I Elizabeth I (7 September 153324 March 1603) was List of English monarchs, Queen of England and List of Irish monarchs, Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. She was the last and longest reigning monarch of the House of Tudo ...
.


Architecture

In his 1969 volume on the buildings of Lancashire, Pevsner writes: The frontage has bay windows to the right and the entrance door to the left, alongside the more dominant, two-storey gable of the east wing. The timber-framed
hall house The hall house is a type of vernacular house traditional in many parts of England, Wales, Ireland and lowland Scotland, as well as northern Europe, during the Middle Ages, centring on a hall. Usually timber-framed, some high status examples wer ...
is in a late
medieval In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the 5th to the late 15th centuries, similarly to the post-classical period of World history (field), global history. It began with the fall of the West ...
pattern which continued in use in Tudor times. The hall, which formed the south wing, is substantially as built, long and wide, with the timbers sitting on a low stone wall. The prominent lantern on the roof is a nineteenth-century addition. The hall has a flagged floor. It has a stone chimney, five bays, and a
hammerbeam roof A hammerbeam roof is a decorative, open timber roof truss typical of English Gothic architecture and has been called "the most spectacular endeavour of the English Medieval carpenter". They are traditionally timber framed, using short beams proj ...
. The five hammerbeams each terminate, at both ends, in a carved wooden angel. Pevsner writes of the interior of the great hall, "It is the most overpowering of them all, of an exuberance of decoration matched nowhere else in England". In a 2007 survey of historic buildings Simon Jenkins writes, "This wonderful room embodies the splendour of Lancashire’s late Middle Ages". In 1661 a Jacobean-style rustic brick wing was built at right angles to the great hall, which contrasts with the medieval black and white timbering. This wing was built from small two-inch bricks similar to
Bank Hall Bank Hall is a Jacobean mansion in Bretherton, Lancashire, England. It is a Grade II* listed building and is at the centre of a private estate, surrounded by parkland. The hall was built on the site of an older house in 1608 by the Banastres w ...
, and Carr House and St Michael's Church in Much Hoole. This wing is notable for being given a symmetrical façade at a time when the prevailing style in Lancashire was still for asymmetrically disposed low
mullion A mullion is a vertical element that forms a division between units of a window or screen, or is used decoratively. It is also often used as a division between double doors. When dividing adjacent window units its primary purpose is a rigid sup ...
ed windows. There are five bays and a doorway with a segmental hood (a later addition); the windows have wooden crosses and segmental relieving arches with brick decoration in their tympana. In the 1820s a third wing was constructed, formed out of the medieval domestic offices, and a castellated tower was built to join the great hall to the Charles II wing. In the twentieth century a hidden chamber, possibly used as a
priest hole A priest hole is a hiding place for a priest built in England or Wales during the period when Catholics were persecuted by law. Following the accession of Queen Elizabeth I to the throne in 1558, there were several Catholic plots designed to remo ...
in the sixteenth century, was discovered above the great hall.


Fixtures and fittings

A carved wooden screen made of bog oak is the only known surviving example from the first half of the sixteenth century. The free-standing screen is nominally movable, but Pevsner calls it "a monster of a screen, and movable only if you accept a very optimistic meaning of the term".Pevsner, p. 213 He continues: In keeping with the character of the hall, much of the furniture is of oak. It includes an unusually large press cupboard; a sixteenth-century free-standing cabinet with carved decoration of classical heads and allegorical scenes;Dean, p. 10 and two panel-back oak settles with cabriole legs, known as "couch chairs", of a type familiar in Lancashire in the eighteenth century. On the staircase is a painting by
Godfrey Kneller Sir Godfrey Kneller, 1st Baronet (born Gottfried Kniller; 8 August 1646 – 19 October 1723) was a German-born British painter. The leading Portrait painting, portraitist in England during the late Stuart period, Stuart and early Georgian eras ...
of Thomas Hesketh, who was Second MP for Preston in 1722 and who rebuilt the east wing in the 1720s, seen with his wife Martha and son in 1723.


Gardens

Very little of the gardens' early history is known.
Parks and Gardens UK #REDIRECT Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in England #REDIRECT Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in England {{R from move ...
{{R from move ...
suggests that the lawns surrounding the house, and some of the
topiary Topiary is the horticultural practice of training perennial plants by clipping the foliage and twigs of trees, shrubs and subshrubs to develop and maintain clearly defined shapes, whether geometric or fanciful. The term also refers to plants w ...
, date from the very end of the 18th century. The present layout is Victorian, from the time when most of the existing mature trees were planted. They include
sycamore Sycamore is a name which has been applied to several types of trees, but with somewhat similar leaf forms. The name derives from the Ancient Greek () meaning . Species of otherwise unrelated trees known as sycamore: * ''Acer pseudoplatanus'', a ...
, lime,
oak An oak is a hardwood tree or shrub in the genus ''Quercus'' of the beech family. They have spirally arranged leaves, often with lobed edges, and a nut called an acorn, borne within a cup. The genus is widely distributed in the Northern Hemisp ...
,
beech Beech (genus ''Fagus'') is a genus of deciduous trees in the family Fagaceae, native to subtropical (accessory forest element) and temperate (as dominant element of Mesophyte, mesophytic forests) Eurasia and North America. There are 14 accepted ...
and
alder Alders are trees of the genus ''Alnus'' in the birch family Betulaceae. The genus includes about 35 species of monoecious trees and shrubs, a few reaching a large size, distributed throughout the north temperate zone with a few species ex ...
. When the National Trust acquired the hall in 1936 the garden was overrun with
Rhododendron ponticum ''Rhododendron ponticum'', called common rhododendron or pontic rhododendron, is a species of flowering plant in the ''Rhododendron'' genus of the heath family Ericaceae. It is native to the Iberian Peninsula in southwest Europe and the Caucasus ...
, an invasive species which has gradually been controlled at Rufford. It has been replaced by ornamental rhododendrons, together with early and late summer-flowering shrubs underplanted with ground cover.Honey, p. 117 The best-known feature of the gardens is the Squirrel Border, on the south side of the great hall, with two large
yew tree Yew is a common name given to various species of trees. It is most prominently given to any of various coniferous trees and shrubs in the genus ''Taxus'': * European yew or common yew (''Taxus baccata'') * Pacific yew or western yew ('' Taxus b ...
s shaped by topiary into giant squirrels. In the early twentieth century what are now the squirrels were in the shape of peacocks. Also on the south side of the great hall is the south lawn, with extensive flower beds, a rose garden, high pine trees, statues of
Venus Venus is the second planet from the Sun. It is often called Earth's "twin" or "sister" planet for having almost the same size and mass, and the closest orbit to Earth's. While both are rocky planets, Venus has an atmosphere much thicker ...
and a dancing faun."Explore the gardens at Rufford Old Hall"
The National Trust. Retrieved 15 March 2025
The Beech Walk Paddock is lined by a wall of high beech trees on one side and the Rufford spur of the
Leeds and Liverpool Canal The Leeds and Liverpool Canal is a canal in Northern England, linking the cities of Leeds and Liverpool. Over a distance of , crossing the Pennines, and including 91 locks on the main line. The Leeds and Liverpool Canal has several small branc ...
on the other. At one time the Walk was the main approach to the hall from the village. The first record of an orchard at Rufford dates from 1779, when the hall was leased to a gardener called Thomas Lowe for 21 years at an annual rent of £22 and 16 shillings (£22.80 in decimal terms, roughly equivalent to a little under £4,000 in 2025 terms). In the twenty-first century Rufford's orchard contains several varieties of blossoming apple trees, including Keswick Codlin,
Duke of Devonshire Duke of Devonshire is a title in the Peerage of England held by members of the Cavendish family. This (now the senior) branch of the Cavendish family has been one of the wealthiest British aristocratic families since the 16th century and has b ...
,
Lord Suffield Baron Suffield, of Suffield in the County of Norfolk, is a hereditary title in the Peerage of Great Britain. The barony was created in 1786 for Sir Harbord Harbord, 2nd Baronet, who had previously represented Norwich as Member of Parliament ...
and Bramley's Seedling.


Collections


Armour

Arms and armour were traditionally kept in the great hall of medieval houses, and the Heskeths revived this tradition in the nineteenth century. The armour at Rufford is of mixed European origin and includes an Italian half-suit from about 1600, with a close helmet resembling a mask; a composite suit, mostly German, sixteenth-century, but armed with a late seventeenth-century Spanish cup-hilt sword; another mostly German suit, with the peascod breastplate fashionable in the mid-sixteenth century; and a full suit, mostly Italian from the sixteenth century.


Philip Ashcroft Collection

The stable contains some of the larger pieces of old agricultural equipment collected by Philip Ashcroft of Rufford. Those on display in the stable were generally found in outhouses or in the open air. Ashcroft, the son of a local potato merchant, conceived the idea of a village museum in 1936, to preserve some of the relics of south-west Lancashire folk life, which were disappearing in the twentieth century. The first exhibits were displayed at Rufford Old Hall in 1939. Ashcroft presented his collection to the National Trust in 1946, and continued to add to it until his death in 1959. Many of his smaller acquisitions, such as pictures, furniture. ceramics, textiles, books, toys, games and household utensils, are displayed in the furnished rooms of the hall.Dean, p. 25


Listing

Rufford Old Hall is designated by
English Heritage English Heritage (officially the English Heritage Trust) is a charity that manages over 400 historic monuments, buildings and places. These include prehistoric sites, a battlefield, medieval castles, Roman forts, historic industrial sites, Lis ...
as a Grade I
listed building In the United Kingdom, a listed building is a structure of particular architectural or historic interest deserving of special protection. Such buildings are placed on one of the four statutory lists maintained by Historic England in England, Hi ...
, The cottage, coach house and stables in the courtyard at the rear of the hall are designated Grade II.


Notes, references and sources


Notes


References


Sources

* * * * * * * * * * *


See also

* Grade I listed buildings in Lancashire * Listed buildings in Rufford, Lancashire


External links


Rufford Old Hall information at the National TrustList of paintings on viewShakespeare at Rufford BBC"Rufford Old Hall" at nationaltrustimages.org.uk
{{Buildings and structures in West Lancashire, state=collapsed Grade I listed buildings in Lancashire Country houses in Lancashire National Trust properties in Lancashire Historic house museums in Lancashire Gardens in Lancashire Reportedly haunted locations in North West England Timber framed buildings in England Buildings and structures in the Borough of West Lancashire 1530 establishments in England Rufford, Lancashire Hall houses