Rudolf Sieckenius
   HOME

TheInfoList



OR:

Rudolf Alexander Karl Wilhelm Sieckenius (18 August 1896 – 29 April 1945) was a German
Generalmajor is the Germanic languages, Germanic variant of major general, used in a number of Central Europe, Central and Northern European countries. Austria Belgium Denmark is the second lowest general officer rank in the Royal Danish Army and R ...
during
World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
who commanded the 16 Panzer Division during Operation Avalanche (Salerno Landings) in September 1943. Despite his widely acknowledged success, which almost resulted in the Allies being pushed back into the sea, Sieckenius was made a
scapegoat In the Bible, a scapegoat is one of a pair of kid goats that is released into the wilderness, taking with it all sins and impurities, while the other is sacrificed. The concept first appears in the Book of Leviticus, in which a goat is designate ...
and sidelined until his death during the
Battle of Berlin The Battle of Berlin, designated as the Berlin Strategic Offensive Operation by the Soviet Union, and also known as the Fall of Berlin, was one of the last major offensives of the European theatre of World War II. After the Vistula–Od ...
, when he commanded the 391st
Wehrmacht The ''Wehrmacht'' (, ) were the unified armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945. It consisted of the German Army (1935–1945), ''Heer'' (army), the ''Kriegsmarine'' (navy) and the ''Luftwaffe'' (air force). The designation "''Wehrmac ...
security division Security Divisions (German: ''Sicherungs-Divisionen'') were German rear-area military units engaged in Nazi security warfare in occupied Europe during World War II. Almost all divisions were employed in areas on the Eastern front with the excepti ...
.


Early life and World War I

Sieckenius was born in 1896 in Ludwigsthal,
Silesia Silesia (see names #Etymology, below) is a historical region of Central Europe that lies mostly within Poland, with small parts in the Czech Silesia, Czech Republic and Germany. Its area is approximately , and the population is estimated at 8, ...
, as the second of nine siblings. His parents were Alexander Sieckenius, a businessman, and Olga Camilla Luise Rittner, granddaughter of Saxon politician Carl August Rittner. Through maternal lineage, he was a cousin to General Heirnrich von Prittwitz und Gaffron, whose grandmother, Maria Camilla Rittner, was a sibling of Sieckenius's grandfather. Due to investment errors, his father's business deteriorated and eventually declared bankruptcy in 1913. Despite the reported debts amounting to 340,000 Reichsmarks, Sieckenius and his brothers continued their costly Gymnasium education in Bunzlau until 1914, when the war interrupted the summer vacation. 18-year-old Sieckenius and his elder brother Otto-Heinrich joined up immediately on 22 August 1914 as Kriegsfreiwilliger, both enlisting in the Feldartillerie Regiment Nr.5, with which he served in the Russian front. In November 1915, he was transferred as corporal to the 154th Infantry Regiment in France, serving successively as a platoon leader, company commander, and battalion adjutant. One of his comrades was
Rudolf Carnap Rudolf Carnap (; ; 18 May 1891 – 14 September 1970) was a German-language philosopher who was active in Europe before 1935 and in the United States thereafter. He was a major member of the Vienna Circle and an advocate of logical positivism. ...
, who mentioned a wounded Sieckenius in his war diary:
We are both sitting in a shell hole. He carefully bandages me while I wave with my raised arm to Riedel, who is lying in a hole to my left, shooting. But he doesn't see it. If I'm not mistaken, I also saw the younger Sieckenius running around with his head bandaged. (May 8, 1917, Battle of Winterberg)
After Germany's defeat, Sieckenius volunteered to join Freikorps Regiment Graf Yorck of the Border Guard (Grenzschutz). He did not remain in the 100,000-man Heer but was discharged in October 1919 with the rank of Leutnant der Reserve.


Between the Wars

On 29 April 1920, Sieckenius joined the police force where he served for fourteen years in Elberfeld and Wuppertal. According to his sister, during the difficult years between the wars, Sieckenius became the main support for the family. His deep sense of responsibility towards his parents may have been the reason he never married. There is not much information about this period of his life; only a few details can be gleaned from newspapers and archives. A keen sportsman, Sieckenius became the chairman of “Elberfeld-Barmen Police Sports Club” in 1923, attended physical fitness and riding training schools, and often appeared in local newspapers on equestrian events. In 1926 police Oberleutnant Sieckenius came under criticism by the
Social Democratic Party The name Social Democratic Party or Social Democrats has been used by many political parties in various countries around the world. Such parties are most commonly aligned to social democracy as their political ideology. Active parties Form ...
for singing "We don't need a Jewish republic!" in the street. This line comes from the infamous Ehrhardt-Lied sung wherever people wanted to demonstrate a nationalistic and anti-republican stance. However, Sieckenius did not join any political party according to his 1933 questionnaire. In 1934 Sieckenius transferred back to the army as a cavalry captain. On creation of the armored troops in late 1935, he transferred into the Panzer branch and was appointed a company commander in Panzer-Regiment 2 under his cousin Heirnrich von Prittwitz und Gaffron. After a further year as Major beim Regiments-Stab (major in the regimental headquarter), he was appointed to command the first battalion of the newly-formed Panzer-Regiment 15 at Sagen. In November 1938 Sieckenius was transferred to command of the 66th Panzer Battalion (Panzer-Abteilung 66) based in Eisenach.


World War II

At the outset of the war Sieckenius served in the 2nd Light Division and participated in the polish campaign. On September 15, he was awarded the first Iron Cross of the division as the commander of Panzer-Abteilung 66. Following the campaign, the 2nd Light Division was reformed as the 7th Panzer Division under General
Erwin Rommel Johannes Erwin Eugen Rommel (; 15 November 1891 – 14 October 1944), popularly known as The Desert Fox (, ), was a German '' Generalfeldmarschall'' (field marshal) during World War II. He served in the ''Wehrmacht'' (armed forces) of ...
.
Oberstleutnant () (English: Lieutenant Colonel) is a senior field officer rank in several German-speaking and Scandinavian countries, equivalent to lieutenant colonel. It is currently used by both the ground and air forces of Austria, Germany, Switzerland, ...
Sieckenius remained in command of a Panzer battalion and took part in the
Battle of France The Battle of France (; 10 May – 25 June 1940), also known as the Western Campaign (), the French Campaign (, ) and the Fall of France, during the Second World War was the Nazi Germany, German invasion of the Low Countries (Belgium, Luxembour ...
.He received wound on the right leg on 18 May 1940 after days of intensive fighting without proper food and sleep, which was vividly accounted in his own combat report. He returned to his battalion in August 1940 and remained in France until February 1941, when it was placed in reserve and returned to Germany. From May 1941 Sieckenius commanded Panzer-Regiment 2 of 16th Panzer Division under Generalmajor Hube, with which he took part in
Operation Barbarossa Operation Barbarossa was the invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany and several of its European Axis allies starting on Sunday, 22 June 1941, during World War II. More than 3.8 million Axis troops invaded the western Soviet Union along ...
, the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941. After
Battle of Uman The Battle of Uman (15 July – 8 August 1941) was the World War II German offensive in Uman, Uman, Ukraine against the 6th Army (Soviet Union), 6th and 12th Army (Soviet Union), 12th Soviet Armies. In a three-week period, the Wehrmacht encircle ...
, on August 12, the 16th Panzer Division and the
1st SS Panzer Division The 1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler or SS Division Leibstandarte, abbreviated as LSSAH (), began as Adolf Hitler's personal bodyguard unit, responsible for guarding the Führer's person, offices, and residences. Initially th ...
advanced side by side towards the Black Sea port of Nikolayev. Despite being cut off from main forces, Sieckenius and his men engaged in an unprecedented three-day battle against the Soviet forces, eventually capturing Nikolayev on August 16, seizing the first Black Sea port for Germany. This victory earned him the Knight's Cross, making him the second member of the regiment to receive this honor, following Graf von Strachwitz. On 17 December 1941 Sieckenius was promoted to
Oberst ''Oberst'' () is a senior field officer rank in several German language, German-speaking and Scandinavian countries, equivalent to Colonel. It is currently used by both the Army, ground and air forces of Austria, Germany, Switzerland, Denmark, a ...
, with seniority to date back from 1 February 1941. On 12 April 1942, he received the following assessment from General of the Infantry Gustav von Wietersheim, commander of the XIV Panzer Corps: ''"Particularly valuable personality as a man and soldier. Exemplary tank commander."''


Stalingrad pocket

In mid-May 1942, the German offensive resumed. By the time of the
Battle of Kalach The Battle of Kalach took place between the German 6th Army (Wehrmacht), Sixth Army and elements of the Soviet Stalingrad Front between July 25 and August 11, 1942. The Soviets deployed the 62nd Army (Soviet Union), 62nd and 7th Guards Arm ...
in early August, the 16th Panzer Division had already destroyed 1,000 tanks on the Eastern Front, mostly credited to Sieckenius’regiment. On 23 August, the 16th Panzer Division carried out a 60-kilometer assault directly to the Volga River, with Kampfgruppe Sieckenius as the armored spearhead. By 6:35 p.m., the leading tanks of the division had reached the western bank of the Volga, north of Stalingrad - marking the first time German forces had arrived at this fateful river. By November 1942, most of the 16th Panzer Division units had been trapped in Stalingrad. In anticipation of Operation Donnerschlag, Oberst Sieckenius was given command of all the operational armored vehicles remaining in the pocket (around 100) to form the breakout spearhead. Hitler and the OKW, however, had forbidden the breakout attempt. Operation Donnerschlag was called off. On 18 January, General Hube, now commander of XIV Panzer Corps, received an unexpected evacuation order from the Don Army Group, ostensibly to reorganize the supplies for the 6th Army. Hube seized the opportunity to evacuate a few individuals: his orderly and his clerk, his Chief of Staff Colonel Hans-Jürgen Dingler, and Rudolf Sieckenius. At 9:30 a.m. on 20 January, the Don Army Group headquarters received a telegram confirming Sieckenius' arrival. Two days later, no more planes landed in the pocket. Reflecting on the events, one of Sieckenius' subordinate battalion commanders,
Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven Alexander Otto Hermann Wolfgang Bernd(t) Freiherr Freytag von Loringhoven (6 February 1914 – 27 February 2007), was a Baltic German officer in the German Army during World War II. In 1956, he joined the German Federal Armed Forces, the ''Bund ...
, remarked, "Sometimes he was inevitably nervous and gruff, but at heart, he was a caring superior. Stalingrad demanded terrible sacrifices from his men, and he endured immense suffering because of it." When Loringhoven met his commander outside the encirclement for the first time, Sieckenius embraced him with "tears welling up in his eyes".


Salerno to Termoli

On 5 March 1943, Sieckenius was appointed commander of the new 16th Panzer Division, which was reorganized in France after its destruction in Stalingrad. He was promoted to
Generalmajor is the Germanic languages, Germanic variant of major general, used in a number of Central Europe, Central and Northern European countries. Austria Belgium Denmark is the second lowest general officer rank in the Royal Danish Army and R ...
on 1 June 1943 and led his division to Italy in the same month. The 16th Panzer Division performed adequately in Italy for six months between June and November 1943, seeing action at
Salerno Salerno (, ; ; ) is an ancient city and ''comune'' (municipality) in Campania, southwestern Italy, and is the capital of the namesake province, being the second largest city in the region by number of inhabitants, after Naples. It is located ...
, Naples and
Termoli Termoli ( Molisano: ''Térmëlë'') is a ''comune'' (municipality) on the south Adriatic coast of Italy, in the province of Campobasso, region of Molise. It has a population of around 32,000, having expanded quickly after World War II, and it is a ...
before being sent back to the Eastern Front. According to Major Udo von Alvensleben, the divisional Intelligence Officer, it was their commanding general
Traugott Herr Traugott Herr (16 September 1890 – 13 April 1976) was a German general during World War II who commanded the 14th Army and the 10th Army of the Wehrmacht. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords. ...
who made Sieckenius a scapegoat for Salerno and Termoli. General Sieckenius had a leadership style that sometimes clashed with that of his opportunist superiors. On 13 September 1943, for no good reason, 10th Army commander
Heinrich von Vietinghoff Heinrich Gottfried Otto Richard von Vietinghoff genannt Scheel (6 December 1887 – 23 February 1952) was a German general (''Generaloberst'') of the Wehrmacht during World War II. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with O ...
came to believe that the invaders were about to re-embark and sent this misinformation to Berlin, and General Herr promptly ordered the 16th Panzer Division to launch a counterattack. Only Sieckenius remained doubtful; he and his staff did not believe in the enemy's retreat. He argued that a full-scale counterattack would only lead to meaningless loss of life and ammunition, and he formally protested against Herr's directive. Nevertheless, Herr ordered the division to advance towards the coast. Initially successful, the counterattack was soon halted by devastating enemy naval fire. In early October 1943, the Allies made a sudden landing at
Termoli Termoli ( Molisano: ''Térmëlë'') is a ''comune'' (municipality) on the south Adriatic coast of Italy, in the province of Campobasso, region of Molise. It has a population of around 32,000, having expanded quickly after World War II, and it is a ...
, drawing intense concern from Hitler. Field Marshal Kesselring ordered the 16th Panzer Division to march over 120 kilometers to retake the port at all costs. General von Vietinghoff objected this deployment and put off Kesselring's order for one day. Compounding the situation, heavy rain and inadequate petrol supplies—due to a shortsighted quartermaster—further delayed the division. The exhausted troops arrived at Termoli 24 hours later than planned, ultimately failing to repel the enemy landing. The defeat at Termoli drew direct attention from Hitler, causing many panicked generals to hastily shift the blame onto Sieckenius, despite his relatively minor role in the failure. General
Richard Heidrich Hermann Richard Heidrich (27 July 1896 – 22 December 1947) was a German paratroop general during World War II. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords of Nazi Germany. Life Richard Heidrich, the ...
, the commander of the 1st Parachute Division, criticized the 16th Panzer Division's command so strongly that an enraged Sieckenius considered legal action against him. On 7 November 1943, Sieckenius was relieved of his command and placed in the " Reserve of Higher Commanders." He was also forced to take a training course for division commanders, which was an insult to a general who had already led a division in combat. After completing the course, he was granted a 40-day home leave to Bunzlau. However, tragically, his parents had both passed away in the preceding month.


Clash with Schörner

Sieckenius did not receive another formal command until 21 May 1944, when he was assigned commander of the 263rd Infantry Division under
Army Group North Army Group North () was the name of three separate army groups of the Wehrmacht during World War II. Its rear area operations were organized by the Army Group North Rear Area. The first Army Group North was deployed during the invasion of Pol ...
. In the summer of 1944, the division was badly mauled and suffered massive casualties during the heavy soviet offensive in Latvia. Faced with orders from his superiors forbidding any retreat, Sieckenius was compelled to take extreme measures. On one occasion, he held his soldiers at gunpoint, insisting that if they ran out of ammunition, they would have to fight with stones rather than fall back. Yet, this was not enough to satisfy the Army Group Commander
Ferdinand Schörner Ferdinand Schörner (12 June 1892 – 2 July 1973) was a German military commander and convicted war criminal, who held the rank of ''Generalfeldmarschall'' (Field Marshal) in the ''Wehrmacht'' of Nazi Germany during World War II. He was the on ...
. On 9 August 1944, the tenth day of almost non-stop intense fighting, Schörner, known for his brutality and harsh disciplinary measures against his own troops, showed up at the 263rd Division HQ. He harshly demanded that Sieckenius push his exhausted soldiers to hold their positions for once. Sieckenius pointed out that the division had always fulfilled its duty, yet the soldiers's strength was waning. He emphasized the urgent need of soldiers for an hour's rest, stating that mere encouragement was no longer effective. Schörner, unmoved by this protest, immediately relieved him of his command. In September 1944, Generalmajor Sieckenius was reassigned as commander of the rear-area 391.Sicherungs-Division, which was then engaged in constructing defences near Warsaw. It marked a considerable demotion for a former Panzer-Division commander.


Final Days

From November 1944 to January 1945 the 391st Division under Sieckenius was on anti-partisan duty in the Lowicz area and built up the Bzura-Rawka position. This was followed by repelling the Russian offensive from the Baranow bridgehead and retreating via Kolo, Wreschen and Posen to Lissa and from there to the Oder Front. In the last weeks of the war, the Division HQ was situated on an estate near
Frankfurt an der Oder Frankfurt (Oder), also known as Frankfurt an der Oder (, ; Marchian dialects, Central Marchian: ''Frankfort an de Oder,'' ) is the fourth-largest city in the German state of Brandenburg after Potsdam, Cottbus and Brandenburg an der Havel. With a ...
, presumably Gut Bomsdorf, owned by the von Kunow family. General Sieckenius left a lasting impression on his hosts. Years after the war, his landlady wrote to his sister Annemarie:
With several conversations, I came to appreciate your brother. He was an honest, reliable, and fair man with a remarkably gentle chivalry—a pleasant surprise after hosting the SS for six months. He borrowed books from my bookshelf, and through his reading, I learned more about him. My children and I developed a genuine fondness for this very reserved man."
In late April, the 391st Division, part of the Ninth Army, found itself hopelessly surrounded in the
Halbe Pocket The Battle of Halbe (, Battle of the Halbe Pocket; , Halbe pocket) was a battle lasting from April 24 – May 1, 1945 in which the German Ninth Army—under the command of General Theodor Busse—was destroyed as a fighting force by the Red A ...
near Berlin. Amidst the chaos, where organization and command had utterly collapsed, Generalmajor Sieckenius "once again showed himself to everyone as the exemplary, brave commander". On April 29, 1945, when Army Commander General
Theodor Busse Ernst Hermann August Theodor Busse (15 December 1897 – 21 October 1986) was a German officer during World War I and World War II. Early life and career Busse, a native of Frankfurt (Oder), joined the Imperial German Army as an officer cadet ...
had already fled with heavy Panzers to save his own skin, Sieckenius stayed with his men and organized the remaining armoured cars and troops for a break out. They managed to break through Halbe and advance into the forests south of Lake Teupitz, where they encountered an ambush by Soviet tanks and anti-tank guns. One of his officers recounted the events in a post-war letter:
Towards the evening of a Sunday (29 April 1945 was Sunday), I can no longer recall the exact date, General Sikenius(sic) and General von Roden organized all the units in and around Halbe to a breakout attempt...After marching for about two hours, the spearhead was attacked by some Russian tanks which fiercely resisted. In the midst of fighting, General Sikenius left his SPW and personally attack the enemy tank with a Panzerfaust in the forest.
He then suffered a severe abdominal wound and, as a staff officer who had remained with him witnessed, chose to take his own life. This occurred in the early hours of April 30.
We felt we were safe and proceeded north along the road (south of Lake Teupitz, west of the Autobahn) into the forest. Suddenly, we encountered tanks and anti-tank guns awaiting. We were caught in intense fire and had to jumped out. Your brother jumped to the right onto a forest clearing, while I went left. More insane enemy fire. I was wounded again and rolled away. Suddenly I heard your brother calling my name. I crawled towards him. Still a few steps away, I saw him shoot himself in the head with his pistol. He had a serious stomach injury. I tried to recover some of his belongings, but intense fire resumed in that area. Then the Russians attacked and we had to retreat. Believe me, there was nothing more that could be done. .. He had always said, 'If I get wounded, I will shoot myself.' He left the question of falling into captivity without injury unanswered. May I also tell you that I feel he foresaw his end? He did not want to start over; he said so himself in his final days. He knew he was already at his peak.
Later, while in a POW camp, this staff officer heard that local villagers had buried a general, who must be Sieckenius. He was laid to rest in a mass grave at today's Kriegsgräberstätte Teupitz.


Personal life

Sieckenius never married and was survived by two brothers and four sisters. Brazilian computer scientist Clarisse Sieckenius de Souza is his grand-niece. He was called 'Lothar' by his family. He once owned a mini dachshund, a tiny female, yet he called her 'Löwe (Lion).' During the occupation of France in 1940/41, Sieckenius and his staff were quartered at a castle near Paris, where he often went horseback riding with the owners of the residence. After he had left, a filly was born, and the French named her 'Siecki' out of friendship for him.Annemarie Sieckenius: Letters to Ronald Hirst, dated 1967, Hoover Institution


Awards

*
Eastern Medal The Eastern Medal (), officially the Winter Battle in the East 1941–42 Medal (), was a military award of the ''Wehrmacht'' which was created by ordinance of Adolf Hitler on 26 May 1942. The Eastern Medal was awarded to any member of the ''W ...
*
Wound Badge The Wound Badge () was a German military decoration first promulgated by Wilhelm II, German Emperor on 3 March 1918, which was first awarded to soldiers of the Imperial German Army, German Army who were wounded during World War I. Between the worl ...
in Silver *
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (), or simply the Knight's Cross (), and its variants, were the highest awards in the military and paramilitary forces of Nazi Germany during World War II. While it was order of precedence, lower in preceden ...
on 17 September 1941 as ''
Oberstleutnant () (English: Lieutenant Colonel) is a senior field officer rank in several German-speaking and Scandinavian countries, equivalent to lieutenant colonel. It is currently used by both the ground and air forces of Austria, Germany, Switzerland, ...
'' and commander of Panzer-Regiment 2


References


Citations


Bibliography

* * {{DEFAULTSORT:Sieckenius, Rudolf 1896 births 1945 deaths Major generals of the German Army (Wehrmacht) German Army personnel of World War I Military personnel from the Province of Silesia Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross German Army personnel killed in World War II