Royal Armouries
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The Royal Armouries is the United Kingdom's national collection of
arms Arms or ARMS may refer to: *Arm or arms, the upper limbs of the body Arm, Arms, or ARMS may also refer to: People * Ida A. T. Arms (1856–1931), American missionary-educator, temperance leader Coat of arms or weapons *Armaments or weapons **Fi ...
and
armour Armour (Commonwealth English) or armor (American English; see American and British English spelling differences#-our, -or, spelling differences) is a covering used to protect an object, individual, or vehicle from physical injury or damage, e ...
. Once an important part of England's military organization, it became the United Kingdom's oldest museum, and one of the oldest museums in the world. It is also one of the largest collections of arms and armour in the world, comprising the UK's National Collection of Arms and Armour, National
Artillery Artillery consists of ranged weapons that launch Ammunition, munitions far beyond the range and power of infantry firearms. Early artillery development focused on the ability to breach defensive walls and fortifications during sieges, and l ...
Collection, and National
Firearms A firearm is any type of gun that uses an explosive charge and is designed to be readily carried and operated by an individual. The term is legally defined further in different countries (see legal definitions). The first firearms originated ...
Collection. Originally housed in the
Tower of London The Tower of London, officially His Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress of the Tower of London, is a historic citadel and castle on the north bank of the River Thames in central London, England. It lies within the London Borough of Tower Hamle ...
from the 15th century, today the collection is split across three sites: the Tower, the Royal Armouries Museum in
Leeds Leeds is a city in West Yorkshire, England. It is the largest settlement in Yorkshire and the administrative centre of the City of Leeds Metropolitan Borough, which is the second most populous district in the United Kingdom. It is built aro ...
, and Fort Nelson near
Portsmouth Portsmouth ( ) is a port city status in the United Kingdom, city and unitary authority in Hampshire, England. Most of Portsmouth is located on Portsea Island, off the south coast of England in the Solent, making Portsmouth the only city in En ...
. From 2004 to 2015, a limited selection of items was also on display in
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, in the United States, in cooperation with the Frazier History Museum.


History

The Royal Armouries is one of the ancient institutions of the Tower of London and was originally engaged in the manufacture of armour for the
Kings of England This list of kings and reigning queens of the Kingdom of England begins with Alfred the Great, who initially ruled Wessex, one of the heptarchy, seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms which later made up modern England. Alfred styled himself king of the ...
and their armies. The Office of the Armoury grew out of the department known as the King's Privy Wardrobe at the Tower of London in the mid-15th century. Overseen from 1423 by the Master of the King's Armour, and based in the White Tower, the Office was responsible for manufacturing armour and edged weapons for the monarch and his armies; it functioned alongside the Office of Ordnance, which had responsibility for firearms. The Armoury oversaw storehouses and workshops at Woolwich and Portsmouth, and at various royal palaces (most notably the Greenwich Armoury, which specialized in richly decorated ceremonial armour). In 1545, it is recorded that a visiting foreign dignitary paid to view the Armoury collection at the Tower of London. By the time of Charles II, there was a permanent public display there; the "Spanish Armoury" which included instruments of torture and the "Line of Kings"—a row of wooden effigies representing the kings of England. This makes it the first
museum A museum is an institution dedicated to displaying or Preservation (library and archive), preserving culturally or scientifically significant objects. Many museums have exhibitions of these objects on public display, and some have private colle ...
in Britain. The influence of the Armoury began to wane as traditional weapons gave way increasingly to firearms in the field of war. In the 1620s, swords, lances and items of armour were still used in battle, but for the most part were being issued by the Office of Ordnance (which was becoming a sizeable department of State) rather than by the Armoury. The latter, however, remained staffed and operational until 1671, when it was finally absorbed by the Ordnance Board; the board continued to maintain, and indeed expanded, the Armoury as a museum. The Tower was engaged in the development, manufacture and storage of a wide variety of weaponry until the Board of Ordnance was abolished in 1855. Thereafter the historic armoury collection remained. Only a small part of this could be displayed, however, and in 1995, much of the
artillery Artillery consists of ranged weapons that launch Ammunition, munitions far beyond the range and power of infantry firearms. Early artillery development focused on the ability to breach defensive walls and fortifications during sieges, and l ...
collection was moved to Fort Nelson in
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and the following year a new Royal Armouries Museum was opened in Leeds. The remaining part of the collection relates directly to the Tower. The National Heritage Act 1983 established the Armouries as a
non-departmental public body In the United Kingdom, non-departmental public body (NDPB) is a classification applied by the Cabinet Office, Treasury, the Scottish Government, and the Northern Ireland Executive to public sector organisations that have a role in the process o ...
, now sponsored by the
Department for Culture, Media and Sport The Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) is a Departments of the Government of the United Kingdom, ministerial department of the Government of the United Kingdom. It holds the responsibility for Culture of the United Kingdom, culture a ...
.


Master of the Armouries

The head of the Royal Armouries is known as the Master of the Armouries. This was an ancient office that was revived in 1935 when the Royal Armouries became a national museum. The current Director General and Master of the Armouries is Nat Edwards.


Master of the Armoury

The Master of the Armoury was responsible for maintaining a store of armour and weapons for use in the event of war and had an office in the Tower of London. The first use of the title was in 1462. * 1462–1485 ?? * Sir Richard Guildford (1485–1506) (also Master of the Ordnance) * Sir Edward Guildford (1506–1533) * Sir John Dudley (1533–1544) * Thomas Darcy, 1st Baron Darcy of Chiche (1544–1553) * Sir Richard Southwell (1554–1559) (also Master of the Ordnance) * Sir George Howard (1560–1580) * Sir Henry Lee (1580–1611) * Sir Thomas Monson, 1st Baronet (1611–1616) * William Legge (1636–1646) * Robert Spaven (1647–?1648) * Anthony Nicholl (1648–?1658) * William Legge (restored to office 1660–1670) * ''Office abolished in 1671''


Master of the Armouries

* Charles John Ffoulkes (1935–1938) * Sir James Mann (1938–1962) * Arthur Richard Dufty (1963–1976) * Alexander Vesey Bethune (Nick) Norman (1977–1988) * Guy Wilson (1988–2002) * Paul Evans (2003–2008) * Lieutenant-General Jonathon Riley (2009–2012) * Edward Impey (2013–2022) * Nat Edwards (2022–present)


Publications

The Royal Armouries formerly published the ''Royal Armouries Yearbook''. In 2004, that was superseded by ''Arms & Armour'', a twice-yearly
peer-reviewed Peer review is the evaluation of work by one or more people with similar competencies as the producers of the work ( peers). It functions as a form of self-regulation by qualified members of a profession within the relevant field. Peer review ...
scholarly journal.


References


External links

* {{authority control Arsenals Charities based in England Collections of museums in the United Kingdom Exempt charities Army museums in London Museums in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets Museums sponsored by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport Non-departmental public bodies of the United Kingdom government Tower of London Armour collections