Round-robin DNS is a technique of load distribution, load balancing, or

fault-tolerance Fault tolerance is the ability of a system to maintain proper operation despite failures or faults in one or more of its components. This capability is essential for high-availability, mission critical, mission-critical, or even life-critical sys ...

provisioning multiple, redundant

Internet Protocol The Internet Protocol (IP) is the network layer communications protocol in the Internet protocol suite for relaying datagrams across network boundaries. Its routing function enables internetworking, and essentially establishes the Internet. IP ...

service hosts, e.g.,

Web server A web server is computer software and underlying Computer hardware, hardware that accepts requests via Hypertext Transfer Protocol, HTTP (the network protocol created to distribute web content) or its secure variant HTTPS. A user agent, co ...

, FTP servers, by managing the

Domain Name System The Domain Name System (DNS) is a hierarchical and distributed name service that provides a naming system for computers, services, and other resources on the Internet or other Internet Protocol (IP) networks. It associates various information ...

's (DNS) responses to address requests from client computers according to an appropriate statistical model. In its simplest implementation, round-robin DNS works by responding to DNS requests not only with a single potential

IP address An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label such as that is assigned to a device connected to a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. IP addresses serve two main functions: network interface i ...

, but with a list of potential IP addresses corresponding to several servers that host identical services. The order in which IP addresses from the list are returned is the basis for the term '' round robin''. With each DNS response, the IP address sequence in the list is permuted. Traditionally, IP clients initially attempt connections with the first address returned from a DNS query, so that on different connection attempts, clients would receive service from different providers, thus distributing the overall load among servers. Some resolvers attempt to re-order the list to give priority to numerically "closer" networks. This behaviour was

standardized Standardization (American English) or standardisation (British English) is the process of implementing and developing technical standards based on the consensus of different parties that include firms, users, interest groups, standards organiza ...

in RFC 3484 during the definition of IPv6, when applied to IPv4 the bug in Windows Vista and caused issues and defeated round-robin load-balancing. Some desktop clients do try alternate addresses after a connection timeout of up to 30 seconds. Round-robin DNS is often used to load balance requests among a number of

s. For example, a company has one domain name and three identical copies of the same web site residing on three servers with three IP addresses. The DNS server will be set up so that domain name has multiple A records, one for each IP address. When one user accesses the home page it will be sent to the first IP address. The second user who accesses the home page will be sent to the next IP address, and the third user will be sent to the third IP address. In each case, once the IP address is given out, it goes to the end of the list. The fourth user, therefore, will be sent to the first IP address, and so forth. A round-robin DNS name is, on rare occasions, referred to as a "rotor" due to the rotation among alternative A records.

Drawbacks

Although easy to implement, round-robin DNS has a number of drawbacks, such as those arising from record caching in the DNS hierarchy itself, as well as client-side address caching and reuse, the combination of which can be difficult to manage. Round-robin DNS should not solely be relied upon for service availability. If a service at one of the addresses in the list fails, the DNS will continue to hand out that address and clients will still attempt to reach the inoperable service. Round-robin DNS may not be the best choice for load balancing on its own, since it merely alternates the order of the address records each time a name server is queried. Because it does not take transaction time, server load, and network congestion into consideration, it works best for services with a large number of uniformly distributed connections to servers of equivalent capacity. Otherwise, it just does load distribution. Methods exist to overcome such limitations. For example, modified DNS servers (such as lbnamed) can routinely poll mirrored servers for availability and load factor. If a server does not reply as required, the server can be temporarily removed from the DNS pool, until it reports that it is once again operating within specs.

References

{{cite journal , last1=Brisco , first1=Thomas P. , title=RFC 1794 - DNS Support for Load Balancing , url=https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1794 , accessdate=24 August 2019 , date=April 1995, doi=10.17487/RFC1794 , url-access=subscription lbnamed
a load-balanced DNS server implemented in the Perl programming language Domain Name System Internet terminology Fault-tolerant computer systems Load balancing (computing)