Rostania
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''Rostania'' is a
genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...
of
lichen A lichen ( , ) is a hybrid colony (biology), colony of algae or cyanobacteria living symbiotically among hypha, filaments of multiple fungus species, along with yeasts and bacteria embedded in the cortex or "skin", in a mutualism (biology), m ...
-forming
fungi A fungus (: fungi , , , or ; or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and mold (fungus), molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as one ...
in the family
Collemataceae The Collemataceae are a family of mostly lichen-forming fungi in the order Peltigerales. The family contains twelve genera and about 325 species. The family has a widespread distribution. Taxonomy The family was circumscribed by Jonathan Carl Z ...
. These lichens are primarily found on
tree bark Bark is the outermost layer of stems and roots of woody plants. Plants with bark include trees, woody vines, and shrubs. Bark refers to all the tissues outside the vascular cambium and is a nontechnical term. It overlays the wood and consist ...
, occasionally on wood, with one species known to inhabit soil. The genus is characterized morphologically by having minute
thalli Thallus (: thalli), from Latinized Greek (), meaning "a green shoot" or "twig", is the vegetative tissue of some organisms in diverse groups such as algae, fungi, some liverworts, lichens, and the Myxogastria. A thallus usually names the entir ...
made of
hypha A hypha (; ) is a long, branching, filamentous structure of a fungus, oomycete, or actinobacterium. In most fungi, hyphae are the main mode of vegetative growth, and are collectively called a mycelium. Structure A hypha consists of one o ...
l tissue without a separate , and the more or less
cuboid In geometry, a cuboid is a hexahedron with quadrilateral faces, meaning it is a polyhedron with six Face (geometry), faces; it has eight Vertex (geometry), vertices and twelve Edge (geometry), edges. A ''rectangular cuboid'' (sometimes also calle ...
-shaped .


Taxonomy

The genus was originally
circumscribed In geometry, a circumscribed circle for a set of points is a circle passing through each of them. Such a circle is said to ''circumscribe'' the points or a polygon formed from them; such a polygon is said to be ''inscribed'' in the circle. * Circum ...
in 1880 by Italian botanist
Vittore Benedetto Antonio Trevisan de Saint-Léon Vittore Benedetto Antonio Trevisan de Saint-Léon (5 June 1818, in Padua – 8 April 1897, in Milan) was an Italian botanist who specialized in cryptogam, cryptogamic flora. He edited the exsiccata ''Lichenotheca Veneta''. During his career, ...
. In its new, restricted sense, following its revision using
molecular phylogenetics Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to ...
and subsequent resurrection, ''Rostania'' is equivalent to the ''Collema occultatum'' group as defined by
Gunnar Degelius Gunnar Bror Fritiof Degelius (né Nilsson until 1932; 27 January 1903 – 22 July 1993) was a Swedish lichenologist. Between the publications of his first and final scientific papers, Degelius had a 70-year-long research career. While he was b ...
in 1954. The
taxonomy image:Hierarchical clustering diagram.png, 280px, Generalized scheme of taxonomy Taxonomy is a practice and science concerned with classification or categorization. Typically, there are two parts to it: the development of an underlying scheme o ...
of the non-
monophyletic In biological cladistics for the classification of organisms, monophyly is the condition of a taxonomic grouping being a clade – that is, a grouping of organisms which meets these criteria: # the grouping contains its own most recent co ...
taxon ''Rostania occultata'' is recently been clarified, and revised generic limitations of the genus proposed, such that some species have been excluded and transferred to other genera.


Description

''Rostania'' features lichens with a somewhat
crustose Crustose is a Habit (biology), habit of some types of algae and lichens in which the organism grows tightly appressed to a substrate, forming a biological layer. ''Crustose'' adheres very closely to the Substrate (biology), substrates at all poin ...
to thallus that is relatively small, measuring in diameter. These lichens exhibit dark olive green, black, or brownish colours and can either form a diffuse granular crust or have poorly developed up to 1 or 2 mm wide. The lobes are smooth to ridged and lack a true . The
medulla Medulla (Latin for "marrow") or medullary may refer to: Science * Medulla oblongata, a part of the brain stem * Renal medulla, a part of the kidney * Adrenal medulla, a part of the adrenal gland * Medulla of ovary, a stroma in the center of the ...
consists of
hypha A hypha (; ) is a long, branching, filamentous structure of a fungus, oomycete, or actinobacterium. In most fungi, hyphae are the main mode of vegetative growth, and are collectively called a mycelium. Structure A hypha consists of one o ...
l structures intermingled with chains of ''
Nostoc ''Nostoc'', also known as star jelly, troll's butter, spit of moon, fallen star, witch's butter (not to be confused with the fungi commonly known as witches' butter), and witch's jelly, is the most common genus of cyanobacteria found in a variety ...
'' photobiont cells; a is absent in ''Rostania'' species.
Isidia An isidium (plural: isidia) is a tiny, wart- or finger-like outgrowth on the thallus surface of certain lichen species. It is one of two principal types of vegetative reproduction, vegetative reproductive structures in lichens, the other being ...
are not present in this genus; however, accessory teretiform (i.e., small, cylindrical extensions) may develop from . The apothecia are , sessile, and , resembling in their early stages. The colour ranges from very pale brownish to dark red-brown. The is distinct and smooth, either entire or , and may become excluded over time. The is colourless to reddish-brown and does not react with a solution of
potassium hydroxide Potassium hydroxide is an inorganic compound with the formula K OH, and is commonly called caustic potash. Along with sodium hydroxide (NaOH), KOH is a prototypical strong base. It has many industrial and niche applications, most of which utili ...
or
ammonia Ammonia is an inorganic chemical compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the chemical formula, formula . A Binary compounds of hydrogen, stable binary hydride and the simplest pnictogen hydride, ammonia is a colourless gas with a distinctive pu ...
. The
hymenium The hymenium is the tissue layer on the hymenophore of a fungal fruiting body where the cells develop into basidia or asci, which produce spores. In some species all of the cells of the hymenium develop into basidia or asci, while in oth ...
is colourless and turns blue when exposed to
iodine Iodine is a chemical element; it has symbol I and atomic number 53. The heaviest of the stable halogens, it exists at standard conditions as a semi-lustrous, non-metallic solid that melts to form a deep violet liquid at , and boils to a vi ...
. The is shallow, either colourless or pale yellowish. The comprises numerous, paraphyses that are mostly unbranched, with somewhat swollen apices. The asci are clavate and contain two, four, or eight spores, with the wall and turning blue in response to potassium hydroxide and iodine. The ascospores are broadly cylindrical to more or less spherical, often
cuboid In geometry, a cuboid is a hexahedron with quadrilateral faces, meaning it is a polyhedron with six Face (geometry), faces; it has eight Vertex (geometry), vertices and twelve Edge (geometry), edges. A ''rectangular cuboid'' (sometimes also calle ...
, and . may be present in some species, embedded within the thallus. The conidia are and
hyaline A hyaline substance is one with a glassy appearance. The word is derived from , and . Histopathology Hyaline cartilage is named after its glassy appearance on fresh gross pathology. On light microscopy of H&E stained slides, the extracellula ...
. No
lichen product Lichen products, also known as lichen substances, are organic compounds produced by a lichen. Specifically, they are secondary metabolites. Lichen products are represented in several different chemical classes, including terpenoids, orcinol deri ...
s have been detected in ''Rostania'' species using
thin-layer chromatography Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) is a chromatography technique that separates components in non-volatile mixtures. It is performed on a TLC plate made up of a non-reactive solid coated with a thin layer of adsorbent material. This is called the sta ...
.


Species

,
Species Fungorum ''Index Fungorum'' is an international project to index all formal names (Binomial nomenclature, scientific names) in the fungus Kingdom (biology), kingdom. As of 2015, the project is based at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, one of three partn ...
(in the
Catalogue of Life The Catalogue of Life (CoL) is an online database that provides an index of known species of animals, plants, fungi, and microorganisms. It was created in 2001 as a partnership between the global Species 2000 and the American Integrated Taxono ...
) accepts 9 species of ''Rostania''. * '' Rostania callibotrys'' * '' Rostania ceranisca'' * '' Rostania coccophylla'' * '' Rostania effusa'' * '' Rostania laevispora'' * '' Rostania multipunctata'' * '' Rostania pallida'' * '' Rostania occultata'' * '' Rostania populina'' Because ''Rostania callibotrys'' does not group with ''Rostania'' in
molecular phylogenetic Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to ...
analysis (instead forming an unsupported group with '' Enchylium''), Košuthová and colleagues suggest that its placement in this genus is uncertain. ''Rostania laevispora'' is rarely collected and has not yet had its DNA analysed, but its
morphology Morphology, from the Greek and meaning "study of shape", may refer to: Disciplines *Morphology (archaeology), study of the shapes or forms of artifacts *Morphology (astronomy), study of the shape of astronomical objects such as nebulae, galaxies, ...
suggests a close relationship with ''R. callibotrys''. Another seldom-collected species, ''R. coccophylla'', may be better placed in the genus ''
Collema ''Collema'' (jelly lichen) is a genus of lichens in the family Collemataceae. The photobiont is the cyanobacterium genus ''Nostoc''.Dobson, F.S. (2000) Lichens, an illustrated guide to the British and Irish species. 4th edition. Richmond publish ...
''. The
taxon In biology, a taxon (back-formation from ''taxonomy''; : taxa) is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit. Although neither is required, a taxon is usually known by a particular name and ...
once known as ''Rostania quadrifida'' is now '' Scytinium quadrifidum''. ''Rostania paramensis'' was transferred to ''
Leptogium ''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species. Species formerly classified under ''Leptogium'' have since been divided among the genera ''Leptogium'', '' Pseudoleptogium'', and '' Scytiniu ...
'', as '' Leptogium paramense''.


References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q23072882 Peltigerales Peltigerales genera Lichen genera Taxa described in 1880 Taxa named by Vittore Benedetto Antonio Trevisan de Saint-Léon