Rosetta ( ) or Rashid (, ; ) is a
port city of the
Nile Delta
The Nile Delta (, or simply , ) is the River delta, delta formed in Lower Egypt where the Nile River spreads out and drains into the Mediterranean Sea. It is one of the world's larger deltas—from Alexandria in the west to Port Said in the eas ...
, east of
Alexandria
Alexandria ( ; ) is the List of cities and towns in Egypt#Largest cities, second largest city in Egypt and the List of coastal settlements of the Mediterranean Sea, largest city on the Mediterranean coast. It lies at the western edge of the Nile ...
, in
Egypt
Egypt ( , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country spanning the Northeast Africa, northeast corner of Africa and Western Asia, southwest corner of Asia via the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to northe ...
's
Beheira governorate. The
Rosetta Stone was discovered there in 1799.
Founded around the 9th century on the site of the ancient town of Bolbitine, Rosetta boomed with the decline of Alexandria following the
Ottoman conquest of Egypt in 1517, only to wane in importance after Alexandria's revival. During the 19th century, it was a popular
British tourist destination, known for its Ottoman mansions, citrus groves and relative cleanliness.
Etymology
The name of the town most likely comes from an Arabic name ''
Rašīd'' (meaning "guide")
and was transcribed and corrupted in numerous ways – the name ''Rexi'' was used by the Crusaders in Middle Ages
and ''Rosetta'' or ''Rosette'' ("little rose" in Italian and French respectively) was used by the French at the time of
Napoleon Bonaparte's campaign
in Egypt. The latter lent its name to the
Rosetta Stone (), which was found by French soldiers at the nearby
Fort Julien in 1799.
Some scholars believe that there is no evidence that the city's name comes from
Egyptian, and the Coptic form is just a late transcription of the Arabic name.
Some argue that it could be derived from and that the name is ancient.
History
Because of the proverbial phrase in , researchers believe that Bolbitine was celebrated for its manufactory of
chariots in antiquity. The city was near the mouth of a branch of the Nile that was called the Bolbitine mouth (τὸ Βολβίτινον στόμα).
Herodotus wrote that the Bolbitine mouth was not a natural but an excavated channel.
Iban Haqal mentioned it and said that it is a city on the Nile, close to the salt sea from a crater known as Ashtum ().
Also mentioned in the Al-Mushtaq excursion, it was described as a civilized city with a market, merchants and workers, and it has farms, yields, wheat and barley, and it has many good words, and it has many palm trees and wet fruits, and it has whales and fish species from the salty sea and many indigo fish.
Despite the similarity of Rashid and
Damietta in their geographical and administrative position throughout the ages and as an important coastal city, Rashid did not play a clear, influential role compared to Damietta's role in the beginnings of Arab Islamic rule, especially for Rashid's proximity to the location of Alexandria, which is the first coastal city in Egypt and primarily affected Rashid and its position. Likewise, the agricultural area in Rashid is very limited, and the spread of sand formations to the west of the city and its urbanization has a greater impact on the city and its agriculture; As a result, Rashid was deserted several times by its residents and they took refuge in
Fuwwah, in the south.
What is now known today as Rosetta was an
Umayyad stronghold in 749, when it was sacked during the
Bashmuric Revolt. In the 850s, the
Abbasid caliph
Al-Mutawakkil ordered a fort to be built on the site of the Ptolemaic city of
Bolbitine, and the medieval city grew around this fort.
Following the establishment of the Fatimid state in 969, and the establishment of the city of Cairo as the new capital of the country, foreign trade was active that was no longer limited to Alexandria only. Rather, Rashid and Damietta participated in it, especially in the beginnings of the Fatimid state, which made urbanism restart.
In the era of the Ayyubid state, neighboring Alexandria witnessed extensive commercial activity as a result of the concessions granted by the Ayyubids to Italian merchants, and before the Bay of Alexandria was re-cleared in 1013 in the Fatimid era by order of
Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, which contributed to linking Alexandria to the city of
Fuwwah, south of Rashid and overlooking the Nile. And from it to Cairo and the rest of the cities of Egypt, and this led to the flourishing of the commercial activity of
Fuwwah, which affected the movement of trade Rashid, so that in the era of the Mamluks Fuwwah became the base of the trade networks in the region.
During the
Seventh Crusade,
Louis IX of France
Louis IX (25 April 1214 – 25 August 1270), also known as Saint Louis, was King of France from 1226 until his death in 1270. He is widely recognized as the most distinguished of the Direct Capetians. Following the death of his father, Louis VI ...
briefly occupied the town in 1249. Following the destruction of Damietta during the crusade,
Al-Zahir Baybars built it again in 1250. However, due to the huge costs of protecting it with strong walls and an impenetrable castle, he built a fortress in 1262 to monitor any possible upcoming invasion. During the reign of
Al-Nasir Muhammad, the Gulf of Alexandria was re-excavated, so the commercial movement flourished more in Alexandria and was uttered so much that it became the mouth of Egypt's most important commercial city after Cairo. This had a more negative impact on Rashid, to the point that
Abu al-Fidaa noted in the thirteenth century that the city was smaller than his mouth.
Rashid contributed to the launching of the naval campaigns during Sultan
Barbsay reign to invade the island of
Cyprus and bring it under Egyptian control in 1426. Rashid also suffered from the attacks of the Christian knights who lived on the island of
Rhodes during the reign of the sultan
Sayf ad-Din Jaqmaq. Sultan Jaqamq sent a large garrison to protect Rashid's beach. and ordered its reinforcement in the following years. Then the throne came to
Qaitbay and renewed the Rashid Towers in 1479 and renewed the castle, which was named after him so far, and built a wall to protect the city from raids. Generally, Rashid had a defensive role with a little commercial role.
[جمال الدين أبي المحاسن يوسف بن تغري بردي الأتابكي، النجوم الزاهرة في ملوك مصر والقاهرة: الجزء 15، الهيئة العامة لقصور الثقافة، القاهرة، صـ: 334.]
Under the
Mamluks, the city became an important commercial center, and remained so throughout
Ottoman rule, until the eventual resurgence of the importance of
Alexandria
Alexandria ( ; ) is the List of cities and towns in Egypt#Largest cities, second largest city in Egypt and the List of coastal settlements of the Mediterranean Sea, largest city on the Mediterranean coast. It lies at the western edge of the Nile ...
following the construction of the
Mahmoudiyah canal in 1820.
Rosetta witnessed the defeat of the British
Fraser campaign, on 19 September 1807.
Geography
The city is located 65 km (40 mi) east of Alexandria, in Egypt's Beheira governorate.
Climate
Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as
hot desert (BWh), but blowing winds from the
Mediterranean Sea greatly moderate the temperatures, typical to the
Egypt's north coast, making its summers moderately hot and humid, with winters that are mild and moderately
wet when
sleet and
hail are also common.
Rafah,
Alexandria
Alexandria ( ; ) is the List of cities and towns in Egypt#Largest cities, second largest city in Egypt and the List of coastal settlements of the Mediterranean Sea, largest city on the Mediterranean coast. It lies at the western edge of the Nile ...
,
Abu Qir, Rosetta,
Baltim,
Kafr el-Dawwar and
Mersa Matruh are the wettest places in
Egypt
Egypt ( , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country spanning the Northeast Africa, northeast corner of Africa and Western Asia, southwest corner of Asia via the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to northe ...
.
Population
The population of Rosetta has increased since the 1980s, as follows:
* 1983: 36,711 (approximate)
* 1986: 51,789
* 1996: 58,432
Gallery
File:Historical cannons in Rosetta.JPG, An identical copy of the Rosetta Stone
File:Rashid For Wiki-45.jpg, Abou Mandour Mosque
File:المعالم الاثرية من رحلة رشيد 5.jpg, Rashid old walls
File:المعالم الاثرية من رحلة رشيد 10.jpg, Rashid Fort
File:المعالم الاثرية من رحلة رشيد 23.jpg, Old houses indoors
File:Ramadan house (16).jpg, Beit Ramadan
File:Rashid 8.jpg, Playing Dominoes
Notes
References
Bibliography
* "Rosetta", ''
Encyclopaedia Britannica'', Chicago, 1983.
External links
* Thomas Brinkhoff: City Populatio
''Egypt statistics''* Detailed map of Egypt (with many ancient temples)
{{authority control
Medieval cities of Egypt
Populated coastal places in Egypt
Populated places established in the 1st millennium
Populated places in Beheira Governorate
Ports and harbours of the Arab League
Tourism in Egypt
Transport in the Arab League