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A rooster tail is a term used in
fluid dynamics In physics and engineering, fluid dynamics is a subdiscipline of fluid mechanics that describes the flow of fluids—liquids and gases. It has several subdisciplines, including '' aerodynamics'' (the study of air and other gases in motion) ...
, automotive gear shifting, and
meteorology Meteorology is a branch of the atmospheric sciences (which include atmospheric chemistry and physics) with a major focus on weather forecasting. The study of meteorology dates back millennia, though significant progress in meteorology did no ...
. It is a region of commotion or turbulence within a fluid, caused by movement. In fluid dynamics, it lies directly in the wake of an object traveling within a fluid, and is accompanied by a vertical protrusion. If it occurs in a river, wise boaters upstream steer clear of its appearance. The degree of their formation can indicate the efficiency of a boat's hull design. The magnitude of these features in a boat increases with speed, while the relationship is inversely proportional for
airplane An airplane or aeroplane (informally plane) is a fixed-wing aircraft that is propelled forward by thrust from a jet engine, propeller, or rocket engine. Airplanes come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and wing configurations. The broad spe ...
s. Energetic volcanic eruptions can create rooster tail formations from their ejecta. They can form in relation to
coronal loop In solar physics, a coronal loop is a well-defined arch-like structure in the Sun's atmosphere made up of relatively dense plasma confined and isolated from the surrounding medium by magnetic flux tubes. Coronal loops begin and end at two f ...
s near the
Sun The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System. It is a nearly perfect ball of hot plasma, heated to incandescence by nuclear fusion reactions in its core. The Sun radiates this energy mainly as light, ultraviolet, and infrared rad ...
's surface. In gear shifting in motor vehicles, it is the relation between the
coefficient of friction Friction is the force resisting the relative motion of solid surfaces, fluid layers, and material elements sliding against each other. There are several types of friction: *Dry friction is a force that opposes the relative lateral motion of tw ...
and the sliding speed of the
clutch A clutch is a mechanical device that engages and disengages power transmission, especially from a drive shaft to a driven shaft. In the simplest application, clutches connect and disconnect two rotating shafts (drive shafts or line shafts ...
. Cars can throw rooster tails in their wake and loose materials under its wheels. In meteorology, a rooster tail satellite pattern can be applied to either low or high level cloudiness, with the low cloud line seen in the wake of
tropical cyclone A tropical cyclone is a rapidly rotating storm system characterized by a low-pressure center, a closed low-level atmospheric circulation, strong winds, and a spiral arrangement of thunderstorms that produce heavy rain and squalls. Dep ...
s and the high cloud pattern seen either within mare's tails or within the outflow jet of tropical cyclones.


In fluid dynamics

Rooster tails are caused by
constructive interference In physics, interference is a phenomenon in which two waves combine by adding their displacement together at every single point in space and time, to form a resultant wave of greater, lower, or the same amplitude. Constructive and destructive ...
near and to the wake of objects within a flowing fluid.


In water

A fast current of water flowing over a rock near the surface of a stream or river can create a rooster tail—such commotions at the water's surface are avoided by boaters due to the near surface obstruction. Propellers on boats can produce a rooster tail of water in their wake, in the form of a fountain which shoots into the air behind the boat. The faster a boat goes, the larger the rooster tails become. The efficiency of a boat's hull design can be judged by the magnitude of the rooster tail—larger rooster tails indicate less efficient designs. If a water skier is in tow, the skis also throw off a rooster tail. Airplanes lifting off from a lake produce lengthening rooster tails behind their amphibious floats as their speed increases, until the plane lifts off the surface.


In air

An airplane leaves rooster tails in its wake in the form of two circulations at the tip of its wings. As the plane speeds up, the rooster tails become smaller.


Related to rock

In low gravity and dusty environments, such as the
Moon The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite. It is the fifth largest satellite in the Solar System and the largest and most massive relative to its parent planet, with a diameter about one-quarter that of Earth (comparable to the width ...
, they can be created by the wheels of moving vehicles. A special energetic
volcanic eruption Several types of volcanic eruptions—during which lava, tephra (ash, lapilli, volcanic bombs and volcanic blocks), and assorted gases are expelled from a volcanic vent or fissure—have been distinguished by volcanologists. These are ...
known as a strombolian eruption produces bright arcs of ejecta, referred to as rooster tails, composed of basaltic cinders or
volcanic ash Volcanic ash consists of fragments of rock, mineral crystals, and volcanic glass, created during volcanic eruptions and measuring less than 2 mm (0.079 inches) in diameter. The term volcanic ash is also often loosely used to refer ...
.


Near the Sun

Coronal loops are the basic structures of the magnetic
solar corona A corona ( coronas or coronae) is the outermost layer of a star's atmosphere. It consists of plasma. The Sun's corona lies above the chromosphere and extends millions of kilometres into outer space. It is most easily seen during a total sola ...
, the bright area seen around the Sun during
solar eclipse A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby obscuring the view of the Sun from a small part of the Earth, totally or partially. Such an alignment occurs during an eclipse season, approximately every six mo ...
s. These loops are the closed-magnetic flux cousins of the open-magnetic flux that can be found in
coronal hole A coronal hole is a temporary region of relatively cool, less dense plasma in the solar corona where the Sun's magnetic field extends into interplanetary space as an open field.Freedman, Roger A., and William J. Kaufmann III. "Our Star, the Sun." ...
(polar) regions and the
solar wind The solar wind is a stream of charged particles released from the upper atmosphere of the Sun, called the corona. This plasma mostly consists of electrons, protons and alpha particles with kinetic energy between . The composition of the ...
. Loops of magnetic flux well up from the solar body and fill with hot solar plasma. Due to the heightened magnetic activity in these coronal loop regions, coronal loops can often be the precursor to
solar flares A solar flare is an intense localized eruption of electromagnetic radiation in the Sun's atmosphere. Flares occur in active regions and are often, but not always, accompanied by coronal mass ejections, solar particle events, and other sola ...
and
coronal mass ejection A coronal mass ejection (CME) is a significant release of plasma and accompanying magnetic field from the Sun's corona into the heliosphere. CMEs are often associated with solar flares and other forms of solar activity, but a broadly accep ...
s (CMEs). Emerging magnetic flux within coronal loops can cause a rooster tail.


In relation to cars

The curve describing the relationship between the coefficient of friction and sliding speed of the clutch in
manual transmission A manual transmission (MT), also known as manual gearbox, standard transmission (in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States), or stick shift (in the United States), is a multi-speed motor vehicle transmission system, where gear chang ...
automobiles on a graph is known as a rooster tail characteristic. Formations can occur when a car's motor revs up over puddles, loose soil, or mud.


In meteorology

Rooster tails have been mentioned in
weather satellite A weather satellite or meteorological satellite is a type of Earth observation satellite that is primarily used to monitor the weather and climate of the Earth. Satellites can be polar orbiting (covering the entire Earth asynchronously), or ...
interpretation since 2003 connected with tropical cyclones. In the low cloud field, it represents a convergence zone on the westward extent of the
Saharan Air Layer The Saharan Air Layer (SAL) is an extremely hot, dry and sometimes dust-laden layer of the atmosphere that often overlies the cooler, more-humid surface air of the Atlantic Ocean. It carries upwards of 60 million tonnes of dust annually over th ...
seen at the back of tropical cyclones gaining latitude. If there are two systems, the one nearer the pole strengthens, while the system nearest the Equator weakens within an area with downward motion in the mid-levels of the troposphere. This description has also been used with high cloudiness spreading in a narrow channel towards the Equator within the outflow jet of a tropical cyclone, such as
Hurricane Felix (1995) Hurricane Felix caused severe beach erosion along the East Coast of the United States in August 1995. The seventh tropical cyclone, sixth named storm, and third hurricane of the 1995 Atlantic hurricane season, Felix was also the strongest hu ...
. Mare's tail patterns within
cirrus cloud Cirrus ( cloud classification symbol: Ci) is a genus of high cloud made of ice crystals. Cirrus clouds typically appear delicate and wispy with white strands. Cirrus are usually formed when warm, dry air rises, causing water vapor deposition on ...
s are occasionally referred to by this term due to their appearance.


References

{{reflist, 2 Fluid dynamics Plasma phenomena Tropical cyclone meteorology