The two Romanian Rhapsodies, Op. 11, for orchestra, are

George Enescu George Enescu (; – 4 May 1955), known in France as Georges Enesco, was a Romanians, Romanian composer, violinist, pianist, conductor, teacher and statesman. He is regarded as one of the greatest musicians in Romanian history. Biography En ...

's best-known compositions. They were written in 1901, and first performed together in 1903. The two rhapsodies, and particularly the first, have long held a permanent place in the repertory of every major orchestra. They employ elements of lăutărească music, vivid Romanian rhythms, and an air of spontaneity. They exhibit exotic modal coloring, with some scales having 'mobile' thirds, sixths or sevenths, creating a shifting major/minor atmosphere, one of the characteristics of Romanian music.Maria Zlateva Zlateva,
Romanian Folkloric Influences on George Enescu's Artistic and Musical Development as Exemplified by His Third Violin Sonata
, DMA thesis (Austin: The University of Texas at Austin, 2003), 18. They also incorporate some material found in the later drafts of Enescu's ''Poème roumaine'', Op. 1.Maria Zlateva Zlateva,
Romanian Folkloric Influences on George Enescu's Artistic and Musical Development as Exemplified by His Third Violin Sonata
, DMA thesis (Austin: The University of Texas at Austin, 2003), 16

History

The two Romanian Rhapsodies were composed in Paris, and premiered together in a concert at the

Romanian Athenaeum The Romanian Athenaeum () is a concert hall in the center of Bucharest, Romania, and a landmark of the Romanian capital city. Opened in 1888, the ornate, domed, circular building is the city's most prestigious concert hall and home of the "Geor ...

in Bucharest which also included the world premiere of Enescu's First Suite for Orchestra, Op. 9 (1903). The composer conducted all three of his own works, which were preceded on the programme by Berlioz's Overture to '' Les francs-juges'' and Schumann's Symphony No. 1, both conducted by . The concert took place on 23 February 1903Mircea Voicana, Clemansa Firca, Alfred Hoffman, Elena Zottoviceanu, in collaboration with Myriam Marbe, Stefan Niculescu, and Adrian Ratiu, ''George Enescu: Monografie'', 2 vols. (Bucharest: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, 1971), 1:277. (according to the

Julian calendar The Julian calendar is a solar calendar of 365 days in every year with an additional leap day every fourth year (without exception). The Julian calendar is still used as a religious calendar in parts of the Eastern Orthodox Church and in parts ...

in use in Romania at that time; 8 March 1903 Gregorian).Nicolas Slonimsky, Laura Kuhn, and Dennis McIntire, "Enesco, Georges (real name, George Enescu)", ''Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians'', 6 vols., edited by Nicolas Slonimsky and Laura Kuhn, 2:1020–21 (New York: Schirmer, 2001) . Cited in full with permission a
Legendary Violinists
The Second Rhapsody was played first, and Enescu maintained this order of performance throughout his life.

Rhapsody No. 1 in A major

The Rhapsody No. 1 in A major is dedicated to the composer and pedagogue (a fellow student with Enescu in André Gedalge's counterpoint class at the Conservatoire), and is the better known of the two rhapsodies. The essence of this rhapsody is the dance. Enescu claimed that it was "just a few tunes thrown together without thinking about it", but his surviving sketches show that he carefully worked out the order in which the melodies should appear, and the best instrumental setting for each one. It was completed on 14 August 1901, when Enescu was still only 19 years old.Brooklyn Symphony Orchestra
According to the published score, the instrumentation is: 3 flutes (3rd doubling piccolo), 2 oboes, cor anglais, 2 clarinets in A, 2 bassoons, 4 horns, 2 trumpets in C, 2 cornets in A, 3 trombones, tuba, 3 timpani, triangle, snare drum, cymbals, 2 harps, violins I & II, violas, violoncellos, contrabasses.Georges Enesco, ''1re Rhapsodie Roumaine (La Majeur)'', Op. 11, Nº1 (Paris: Enoch & Cie Editeurs, 905. 1 leu 1920 avers

The First Rhapsody is ebullient and outgoing. It begins by quoting the folk song "Am un leu şi vreau să-l beau" (variously translated as "I want to spend my money on drink", "I have a coin, and I want a drink", "I want to spend my shilling on drink", or, more literally, "I have a leu and I want to drink it"), which is played by oboes and clarinets. The tune was played by the Romani violinist Lae Chioru (Nicolae Filip), from whom Enescu had his first violin lessons at the age of 4,Maria Zlateva Zlateva,
Romanian Folkloric Influences on George Enescu's Artistic and Musical Development as Exemplified by His Third Violin Sonata
, DMA thesis (Austin: The University of Texas at Austin, 2003), 9. but there is some doubt whether Enescu actually remembered it from Chioru, since the tune had been in circulation in various collections printed as early as 1848 (alternative spelling: "Am un leu şi vreau să-l beu"), which Enescu could have consulted.Mircea Voicana, Clemansa Firca, Alfred Hoffman, Elena Zottoviceanu, in collaboration with Myriam Marbe, Stefan Niculescu, and Adrian Ratiu, ''George Enescu: Monografie'', 2 vols. (Bucharest: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, 1971), 1:44–45. This is soon replaced with a slower melody first introduced in the violins. As the work progresses, this tune grows faster and livelier to climax in a vibrant whirling folk dance, which quotes heavily from the melody from " Ciocârlia" ("The skylark"), a folk tune allegedly composed by the Romani composer Angheluș Dinicu. Enescu conducted the First Rhapsody at what proved to be his New York farewell concert with members of the

New York Philharmonic The New York Philharmonic is an American symphony orchestra based in New York City. Known officially as the ''Philharmonic-Symphony Society of New York, Inc.'', and globally known as the ''New York Philharmonic Orchestra'' (NYPO) or the ''New Yo ...

on 21 January 1950. The concert was billed as a commemoration of his 60th year as an artist, and in it he appeared as violinist together with

Yehudi Menuhin Yehudi Menuhin, Baron Menuhin (22 April 191612 March 1999), was an American-born British violinist and conductor who spent most of his performing career in Britain. He is widely considered one of the greatest violinists of the 20th century. ...

in Bach's Concerto for Two Violins, as pianist in his own Sonata No. 3 for Violin and Piano (also with Menuhin), and as conductor of his Suite No. 2 for Orchestra, Op. 20, and the Rhapsody, which concluded the programme.C. H. 1950. "60 Years as Artist Marked by Enesco: Rumanian Musician Appears in Concert as Violinist, Pianist, Conductor, and Composer". New York Times (22 January): 67.

Rhapsody No. 2 in D major

The Second Rhapsody, like the first, was completed in 1901,Noel Malcolm, "Enescu, George nesco, Georges, ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', second edition, edited by

Stanley Sadie Stanley John Sadie (; 30 October 1930 – 21 March 2005) was a British musicologist, music critic, and editor. He was editor of the sixth edition of the '' Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'' (1980), which was published as the first edition ...

and John Tyrrell (London: Macmillan Publishers, 2001). but is more inward and reflective. Its essential character is not dance, but song. It is based on the popular 19th-century ballad "Pe o stîncă neagră, într-un vechi castel" ("On a dark rock, in an old castle") which, like the opening melody of the First Rhapsody Enescu may have learned from the lăutar Chioru,Maria Zlateva Zlateva,
Romanian Folkloric Influences on George Enescu's Artistic and Musical Development as Exemplified by His Third Violin Sonata
, DMA thesis (Austin: The University of Texas at Austin, 2003), 17. though again there is some doubt whether Enescu actually remembered it from Chioru. After a development culminating in a canonic presentation, this theme is joined by a dance tune, "Sîrba lui Pompieru" (" Sîrba of the Fireman"), followed shortly afterward by the second half of a folksong, "Văleu, lupu mă mănîncă" ("Aiee, I'm being devoured by a wolf!"), which is treated in canon.Mircea Voicana, Clemansa Firca, Alfred Hoffman, Elena Zottoviceanu, in collaboration with Myriam Marbe, Stefan Niculescu, and Adrian Ratiu, ''George Enescu: Monografie'', 2 vols. (Bucharest: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, 1971), 1:283. Toward the end there is a brief moment of animation, bringing to mind the spirit of country lăutari, but the work ends quietly."Romanian Rhapsody No. 2 in D Major", The Kennedy Center
(archive from 30 September 2012, retrieved 18 April 2017) Unlike the First Rhapsody, there is no controversy at all about the scoring of the Second, which is given in the published score as: 3 flutes, 2 oboes, cor anglais, 2 clarinets in A, 2 bassoons, 4 horns, 2 trumpets in C, 3 trombones, 2 timpani, cymbal, 2 harps, first violins, second violins, violas, cellos, and double basses.

Third Rhapsody

At the New York World's Fair, on 8 May 1939 Enescu conducted a programme of Romanian compositions, which included his Second Romanian Rhapsody. The anonymous programme note stated: Although subsequent sources have occasionally referred to this "Third Rhapsody", it does not appear ever to have existed.

Legacy

For all their popularity, the two Romanian Rhapsodies proved to be "an

albatross Albatrosses, of the biological family Diomedeidae, are large seabirds related to the procellariids, storm petrels, and diving petrels in the order Procellariiformes (the tubenoses). They range widely in the Southern Ocean and the North Paci ...

round Enescu's neck: later in his life he bitterly resented the way they had dominated and narrowed his reputation as a composer". He himself recorded each of the rhapsodies three times, but he viewed requests for yet more recordings as "un grosse affaire commerciale".Music Web International
/ref> Both rhapsodies have received dozens of recordings by other conductors and orchestras.

History

Rhapsody No. 1 in A major

Rhapsody No. 2 in D major

Third Rhapsody

Legacy

References

Further reading