Roman Ivanovich Panin
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Roman Ivanovich Panin (; 28 September 1897 – 1 June 1949) was a
Soviet The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet ...
major general during
World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
. An
Imperial Russian Army The Imperial Russian Army () was the army of the Russian Empire, active from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917. It was organized into a standing army and a state militia. The standing army consisted of Regular army, regular troops and ...
junior officer in
World War I World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...
, he joined the
Red Army The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Republic and, from 1922, the Soviet Union. The army was established in January 1918 by a decree of the Council of People ...
in 1919. Panin fought in the
Russian Civil War The Russian Civil War () was a multi-party civil war in the former Russian Empire sparked by the 1917 overthrowing of the Russian Provisional Government in the October Revolution, as many factions vied to determine Russia's political future. I ...
and continued to serve after the end of the Russian Civil War. He was an advisor to the
National Revolutionary Army The National Revolutionary Army (NRA; zh, labels=no, t=國民革命軍) served as the military arm of the Kuomintang, Chinese Nationalist Party (Kuomintang, or KMT) from 1924 until 1947. From 1928, it functioned as the regular army, de facto ...
between 1938 and 1939. Later he participated in the Soviet-Finnish war as a corps commander, and during World War II as the commander of the 14th Army, commanding the defense of
Murmansk Murmansk () is a port city and the administrative center of Murmansk Oblast in the far Far North (Russia), northwest part of Russia. It is the world's largest city north of the Arctic Circle and sits on both slopes and banks of a modest fjord, Ko ...
during
Operation Silver Fox Operation Silver Fox (; ) or Murmansk operation () from 29 June to 17 November 1941, was a joint Nazi Germany, German–Finland, Finnish military operation during the Continuation War on the Eastern Front (World War II), Eastern Front of World Wa ...
. Panin became commander of the 2nd Reserve Army in May 1942 and two months later became a lecturer at the
Frunze Military Academy The M. V. Frunze Military Academy (), or in full the Military Order of Lenin and the October Revolution, Red Banner, Order of Suvorov Academy in the name of M. V. Frunze (), was a military academy of the Soviet and later the Russian Armed Forces ...
. In February 1943 he became Volkhov Front chief of combat training and in September led the 7th Rifle Corps. After participating in the Leningrad–Novgorod Offensive, Panin briefly led the 99th Rifle Corps. In July 1944, Panin became deputy commander of the 5th Army. Hospitalized in February 1945 during the East Prussian Offensive, Panin did not see further action. After recovering he became an instructor at the Frunze Military Academy and retired in 1949. He died shortly afterwards.


Early life, World War I, and Russian Civil War

Panin was born on 28 September 1897 in
Saint Petersburg Saint Petersburg, formerly known as Petrograd and later Leningrad, is the List of cities and towns in Russia by population, second-largest city in Russia after Moscow. It is situated on the Neva, River Neva, at the head of the Gulf of Finland ...
. In October 1916, he was drafted into the
Imperial Russian Army The Imperial Russian Army () was the army of the Russian Empire, active from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917. It was organized into a standing army and a state militia. The standing army consisted of Regular army, regular troops and ...
and became a cadet at the Pavel Military School, graduating with the rank of '' praporshchik'' in February 1917. Panin was initially served with the 178th Reserve Infantry Regiment before being sent to the
Romanian Front The Romanian Front (, FR) was a moderate fascist party created in Romania in 1935. Led by former Prime Minister of Romania, Prime Minister Alexandru Vaida-Voevod, it originated as a right-wing splinter group from the mainstream National Peasants' ...
in April, where he fought with the 294th Berezina Infantry Regiment. He was treated in a hospital in Petrograd between September 1917 and January 1918, then demobilized. At the outbreak of the
Russian Civil War The Russian Civil War () was a multi-party civil war in the former Russian Empire sparked by the 1917 overthrowing of the Russian Provisional Government in the October Revolution, as many factions vied to determine Russia's political future. I ...
he joined the
Red Army The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Republic and, from 1922, the Soviet Union. The army was established in January 1918 by a decree of the Council of People ...
in June 1919, serving as adjutant of the 1st Petrograd Regimental District. From September of that year, Panin served as a company commander of the Red Army detachment on the staff of the Moskovsky-Narvsky district of Petrograd. During this period he fought on the Western Front against the Northwestern Army. Panin became a company commander in the 166th Separate Rifle Battalion in January 1920 and later transferred to command a company of the separate engineer battalion of the Petrograd Military District. In March 1921 he participated in the suppression of the
Kronstadt rebellion The Kronstadt rebellion () was a 1921 insurrection of Soviet sailors, Marines, naval infantry, and civilians against the Bolsheviks, Bolshevik government in the Russian port city of Kronstadt. Located on Kotlin Island in the Gulf of Finland, ...
.


Interwar

After the end of the Civil War Panin served in the Leningrad Military District as a company commander in the 94th Rifle Regiment of the 11th Rifle Division. In 1924 he graduated from the '' Vystrel'' courses for military commander training. In February 1926 Panin became a battalion commander of the 59th Rifle Regiment of the 20th Rifle Division, simultaneously serving as assistant regimental commander. He was appointed commander of the division's 60th Rifle Regiment in April 1931. In November 1936, Panin became deputy commander of the 16th Rifle Division. Between July 1938 and October 1939 he served as a military advisor to the
National Revolutionary Army The National Revolutionary Army (NRA; zh, labels=no, t=國民革命軍) served as the military arm of the Kuomintang, Chinese Nationalist Party (Kuomintang, or KMT) from 1924 until 1947. From 1928, it functioned as the regular army, de facto ...
in China. In this capacity he advised
Zhang Fakui Zhang Fakui (2 September 1896 – 10 March 1980) was a Chinese Nationalist general who fought against northern warlords, the Imperial Japanese Army and Chinese Communist forces in his military career. He served as commander-in-chief of the ...
in Xinpu. In late September 1938, he became advisor to the 4th War Area, which was commanded by Zhang Fakui. Panin later advised
Bai Chongxi Bai Chongxi (18 March 1893 – 2 December 1966; , , Xiao'erjing: ) was a Chinese general in the National Revolutionary Army of the Republic of China (ROC) and a prominent leader of the Kuomintang. He was of Hui ethnicity and of the Muslim faith ...
in
Guilin Guilin (Standard Zhuang: ''Gveilinz''), postal map romanization, formerly romanization of Chinese, romanized as Kweilin, is a prefecture-level city in the northeast of China's Guangxi, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. It is situated on the we ...
.


Winter War and World War II

After returning from China, Panin was appointed commander of the 1st Rifle Corps at
Pskov Pskov ( rus, Псков, a=Ru-Псков.oga, p=psˈkof; see also Names of Pskov in different languages, names in other languages) is a types of inhabited localities in Russia, city in northwestern Russia and the administrative center of Pskov O ...
in the Leningrad Military District on 21 October 1939. The corps fought in the
Winter War The Winter War was a war between the Soviet Union and Finland. It began with a Soviet invasion of Finland on 30 November 1939, three months after the outbreak of World War II, and ended three and a half months later with the Moscow Peac ...
. The three divisions of the corps, part of the 8th Army, were to attack towards
Ilomantsi Ilomantsi (, ) is municipality and a village of Finland. It is located in the North Karelia region. The municipality has a population of () and covers an area of of which is water. The population density is . The easternmost point of Finland ...
and Korpiselka. The attack pushed the defending Finnish troops back from the border and captured Suoyarvi on 2 December. After capturing Suoyarvi, Panin sent his 155th Rifle Division towards Ilomantsi and the 139th Rifle Division towards Tolvajärvi and Korpiselka. The 155th Rifle Division was stopped by Finish counterattacks in the Mohko- Oinassalmi area. The 56th Rifle Division, after the capture of Suoyarvi, attacked the Finnish positions on the Kollaa and was unable to break through. The 139th Rifle Division fought in the
Battle of Tolvajärvi The Battle of Tolvajärvi ( tol.va.jær.vi , ) was fought on 12 December 1939 between Finland and the Soviet Union. It was the first large offensive victory for the Finns in the Winter War. The battle took place on the territory of so-called ...
on 12 December and retreated after the battle. On the next day, Panin was replaced by Dmitry Kozlov and transferred to the reserve. In June 1940, Panin was appointed head of combat training for the Leningrad Military District. He was promoted to Major General on 4 June. In March 1941, he became commander of the
42nd Rifle Corps The 42nd Rifle Corps was a corps of the Soviet Red Army. It was part of the 14th Army. It took part in the Great Patriotic War. Its initial commander was Major General Roman Ivanovich Panin. The corps was disbanded on 14 October 1941. The Cor ...
. After the German invasion of the Soviet Union on 22 June, the corps became part of the 14th Army. It fought in the defense of
Murmansk Murmansk () is a port city and the administrative center of Murmansk Oblast in the far Far North (Russia), northwest part of Russia. It is the world's largest city north of the Arctic Circle and sits on both slopes and banks of a modest fjord, Ko ...
during
Operation Silver Fox Operation Silver Fox (; ) or Murmansk operation () from 29 June to 17 November 1941, was a joint Nazi Germany, German–Finland, Finnish military operation during the Continuation War on the Eastern Front (World War II), Eastern Front of World Wa ...
. On 24 August 1941, Panin became commander of the 14th Army, leading it in the defense of Murmansk. He was considered incompetent by Murmansk CPSU Regional Committee First Secretary and 14th Army Military Council member Maxim Starostin and later appointed commander of the 2nd Reserve Army in May 1942. In August 1942 Panin became a senior lecturer at the
Frunze Military Academy The M. V. Frunze Military Academy (), or in full the Military Order of Lenin and the October Revolution, Red Banner, Order of Suvorov Academy in the name of M. V. Frunze (), was a military academy of the Soviet and later the Russian Armed Forces ...
. In February 1943, he was appointed chief of combat training for the Volkhov Front. Panin became commander of the 7th Rifle Corps of the 59th Army in September, leading it in the Leningrad–Novgorod Offensive and the capture of
Novgorod Veliky Novgorod ( ; , ; ), also known simply as Novgorod (), is the largest city and administrative centre of Novgorod Oblast, Russia. It is one of the oldest cities in Russia, being first mentioned in the 9th century. The city lies along the V ...
. For his leadership in the offensive Panin was awarded the
Order of Kutuzov The Order of Kutuzov ( ''orden Kutuzova'') is a military decoration of the Russian Federation named after famous Russian Field Marshal Mikhail Kutuzov, Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov (1745–1813). The Order was established during World War II t ...
2nd class on 21 February 1944.Order of Kutuzov 2nd class citation, available online a
pamyat-naroda.ru
/ref> Between April and May 1944 he was commander of the 99th Rifle Corps of the 3rd Baltic Front. In May, Panin was at the disposal of the chief of staff. In June he visited the
3rd Belorussian Front The 3rd Belorussian Front () was a Front of the Red Army during the Second World War. The 3rd Belorussian Front was created on 24 April 1944 from forces previously assigned to the Western Front. Over 381 days in combat, the 3rd Belorussian Fr ...
with
Aleksandr Vasilevsky Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Vasilevsky ( 1895 – 5 December 1977) was a Soviet general who served as a top commander during World War II and achieved the rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union. During World War II, he served as the Chief of the General ...
. One month later he became deputy commander of the 5th Army, participating in
Operation Bagration Operation Bagration () was the codename for the 1944 Soviet Byelorussian strategic offensive operation (), a military campaign fought between 22 June and 19 August 1944 in Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, Soviet Byelorussia in the Eastern ...
and the East Prussian Offensive. In February 1945, he was hospitalized and from May 1945 was again at the disposal of the chief of staff.


Postwar

After the war Panin became head of a course at the Frunze Military Academy. He retired in 1949 and died in Moscow on 1 June 1949. He was buried in the
Novodevichy Cemetery Novodevichy Cemetery () is a cemetery in Moscow. It lies next to the southern wall of the 16th-century Novodevichy Convent, which is the city's third most popular tourist site. History The cemetery was designed by Ivan Mashkov and inaugurated ...
.


Awards and decorations


Notes


References

* * * *


External links


Biography at generals.dk
{{DEFAULTSORT:Panin, Roman Ivanovich 1897 births 1949 deaths Soviet major generals Military personnel from Saint Petersburg Soviet military personnel of World War II Russian military personnel of World War I Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner Recipients of the Order of Kutuzov, 2nd class Recipients of the Order of Lenin Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery