The Roman amphitheatre of Italica is a
Roman amphitheatre
Roman amphitheatres are theatres — large, circular or oval open-air venues with tiered seating — built by the ancient Romans. They were used for events such as gladiator combats, ''venationes'' (animal slayings) and executions. About List of R ...
in the Roman ''
colonia'' of
Italica
Italica () was an ancient Ancient Rome, Roman city in Hispania; its site is close to the town of Santiponce in the province of Seville, Spain. It was founded in 206 BC by Roman general Scipio Africanus, Scipio as a ''Colonia (Roman), colonia'' f ...
–in present-day
Santiponce (
Seville
Seville ( ; , ) is the capital and largest city of the Spain, Spanish autonomous communities of Spain, autonomous community of Andalusia and the province of Seville. It is situated on the lower reaches of the Guadalquivir, River Guadalquivir, ...
), Spain–, in the
Roman province
The Roman provinces (, pl. ) were the administrative regions of Ancient Rome outside Roman Italy that were controlled by the Romans under the Roman Republic and later the Roman Empire. Each province was ruled by a Roman appointed as Roman g ...
of
Hispania Baetica
Hispania Baetica, often abbreviated Baetica, was one of three Roman provinces created in Hispania (the Iberian Peninsula) in 27 BC. Baetica was bordered to the west by Lusitania, and to the northeast by Tarraconensis. Baetica remained one of ...
.
Built during the reign of
emperor
The word ''emperor'' (from , via ) can mean the male ruler of an empire. ''Empress'', the female equivalent, may indicate an emperor's wife (empress consort), mother/grandmother (empress dowager/grand empress dowager), or a woman who rules ...
Hadrian
Hadrian ( ; ; 24 January 76 – 10 July 138) was Roman emperor from 117 to 138. Hadrian was born in Italica, close to modern Seville in Spain, an Italic peoples, Italic settlement in Hispania Baetica; his branch of the Aelia gens, Aelia '' ...
(who was born in Italica), approximately between the years AD 117 and 138,
it was one of the largest in the entire
Roman Empire
The Roman Empire ruled the Mediterranean and much of Europe, Western Asia and North Africa. The Roman people, Romans conquered most of this during the Roman Republic, Republic, and it was ruled by emperors following Octavian's assumption of ...
with a capacity of 25,000 spectators.
It was used for
gladiator
A gladiator ( , ) was an armed combatant who entertained audiences in the Roman Republic and Roman Empire in violent confrontations with other gladiators, wild animals, and condemned criminals. Some gladiators were volunteers who risked their ...
ial fights and combats between beasts or men and beasts during
ancient Rome
In modern historiography, ancient Rome is the Roman people, Roman civilisation from the founding of Rome, founding of the Italian city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the Fall of the Western Roman Empire, collapse of the Western Roman Em ...
.
Italica was largely abandoned by the Romans in the 3rd century. It was rediscovered during the
Renaissance
The Renaissance ( , ) is a Periodization, period of history and a European cultural movement covering the 15th and 16th centuries. It marked the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity and was characterized by an effort to revive and sur ...
, in the 17th century, and work to unearth the amphitheatre began in the late 19th century.
The amphitheatre, currently in ruins, is a tourist site offering visitor tours.
Architectural features
The amphitheatre had capacity of 25,000 spectators. It has an elliptical shape, with a major axis of 160 metres (525 ft) and minor axis of 137 metres (449 ft), it had three levels of stands, of which the first remains intact, the second partially so, and the third mostly in ruin.
Under the level of the old wooden floor of the amphitheater there was a service pit for the different
gladiatorial
A gladiator ( , ) was an armed combatant who entertained audiences in the Roman Republic and Roman Empire in violent confrontations with other gladiators, wild animals, and condemned criminals. Some gladiators were volunteers who risked their ...
shows and fights against wild beasts, called ''
venatio
Venatio (, "hunting", plural ''venationes'') was a type of entertainment in Roman amphitheaters involving the hunting and killing of wild animals.
History
Venatio was first introduced by Marcus Fulvius Nobilior, who celebrated his Greek cam ...
''.
The building was constructed using
siliceous
Silicon dioxide, also known as silica, is an oxide of silicon with the chemical formula , commonly found in nature as quartz. In many parts of the world, silica is the major constituent of sand. Silica is one of the most complex and abundant ...
and
calcareous
Calcareous () is an adjective meaning "mostly or partly composed of calcium carbonate", in other words, containing lime (mineral), lime or being chalky. The term is used in a wide variety of Science, scientific disciplines.
In zoology
''Calcare ...
pebbles, as a result of a shortage of natural stone in the region.
The amphitheatre's ''
cavea
The ''cavea'' (Latin language, Latin for "enclosure") are the seating sections of Theatre of ancient Greece, Greek and Roman theatre (structure), Roman theatres and Roman amphitheatre, amphitheatres. In Roman theatres, the ''cavea'' is tradition ...
'' was divided into three sections, the ''ima'', ''media'' and ''summa cavea'', separated by annular corridors called praecinctions. The first, the ''ima cavea'', had 6 stands, with 8 access doors, and was reserved for a ruling class. The second, the ''media cavea'', was intended for the humblest population, had 12 tiers and 14 access doors. The ''summa cavea'', covered by an awning, was reserved only to children and women.
The amphitheatre also had several rooms dedicated to the cult of
Nemesis
In ancient Greek religion and myth, Nemesis (; ) also called Rhamnousia (or Rhamnusia; ), was the goddess who personified retribution for the sin of hubris: arrogance before the gods.
Etymology
The name ''Nemesis'' is derived from the Greek ...
and
Juno
Juno commonly refers to:
*Juno (mythology), the Roman goddess of marriage and queen of the gods
* ''Juno'' (film), the 2007 film
Juno may also refer to:
Arts, entertainment and media Fictional characters
*Juno, a character in the book ''Juno of ...
.
Popular culture
The amphitheatre of Italica was used in the
seventh and
eighth
Eighth is ordinal form of the number eight.
Eighth may refer to:
* One eighth, , a fraction, one of eight equal parts of a whole
* Eighth note (quaver), a musical note played for half the value of a quarter note (crotchet)
* Octave, an interval b ...
seasons of ''
Game of Thrones
''Game of Thrones'' is an American Fantasy television, fantasy Drama (film and television), drama television series created by David Benioff and for HBO. It is an adaptation of ''A Song of Ice and Fire'', a series of high fantasy novels by ...
'' as the Dragonpit of King's Landing.
Gallery
See also
*
List of Roman amphitheatres
The remains of at least 230 Roman amphitheatres have been found widely scattered around the area of the Roman Empire. These are large, circular or oval open-air venues with raised 360 degree seating and not to be confused with the more common ...
*
List of Roman sites in Spain
This is a list of existing Roman sites in Spain.
Altars
* Roman altar of Arcos de la Frontera
Archaeological sites
* Archaeological Ensemble of Acinipo
* Almoina Archaeological Centre
* Cabeza Ladrero
* Roman ruins of Calduba
* Archaeol ...
References
External links
*
Official website of the Town council of Santiponce
Roman amphitheatres in Spain
Buildings and structures in the Province of Seville
{{DEFAULTSORT:Italica Roman_amphitheatre
History of Andalusia
Buildings and structures completed in the 2nd century