Legend A legend is a genre of folklore that consists of a narrative featuring human actions, believed or perceived to have taken place in human history. Narratives in this genre may demonstrate human values, and possess certain qualities that give the ...

s and

speculative fiction Speculative fiction is an umbrella term, umbrella genre of fiction that encompasses all the subgenres that depart from Realism (arts), realism, or strictly imitating everyday reality, instead presenting fantastical, supernatural, futuristic, or ...

reveal a longstanding human fascination with rolling and wheeled creatures. Such creatures appear in mythologies from Europe, Japan,

pre-Columbian In the history of the Americas, the pre-Columbian era, also known as the pre-contact era, or as the pre-Cabraline era specifically in Brazil, spans from the initial peopling of the Americas in the Upper Paleolithic to the onset of European col ...

Mexico, the United States, and Australia, and in numerous modern works.

Rolling creatures

The

triskelion A triskelion or triskeles is an ancient motif consisting either of a triple spiral exhibiting rotational symmetry or of other patterns in triplicate that emanate from a common center. The spiral design can be based on interlocking Archimedean s ...

is a motif with

central symmetry In geometry, a point reflection (also called a point inversion or central inversion) is a geometric transformation of affine space in which every point (geometry), point is reflected across a designated inversion center, which remains Fixed p ...

used since ancient times. A variant with three human legs appears in the medieval flag of the Isle of Man. A variant with the head of Medusa in the union of the legs is associated with

Sicily Sicily (Italian language, Italian and ), officially the Sicilian Region (), is an island in the central Mediterranean Sea, south of the Italian Peninsula in continental Europe and is one of the 20 regions of Italy, regions of Italy. With 4. ...

. It is not known the meaning it had in antiquity or its original Greek name. Ill_dict_infernal_p0139-123_buer

The hoop snake, a creature of legend in the United States and Australia, is said to grasp its tail in its mouth and roll like a wheel towards its prey. Japanese culture includes a similar mythical creature, the '' Tsuchinoko''. Buer, a

demon A demon is a malevolent supernatural entity. Historically, belief in demons, or stories about demons, occurs in folklore, mythology, religion, occultism, and literature; these beliefs are reflected in Media (communication), media including f ...

mentioned in the 16th-century

grimoire A grimoire () (also known as a book of spells, magic book, or a spellbook) is a textbook of magic, typically including instructions on how to create magical objects like talismans and amulets, how to perform magical spells, charms, and divin ...

Pseudomonarchia Daemonum The ''Pseudomonarchia Daemonum'' () first appears as an appendix to ''De praestigiis daemonum'' (1577) by Johann Weyer.Pseudomonarchia Daemonum (Liber officiorum spirituum); Johann Weyer, ed. Joseph Peterson; 2000. Available online aEsoteric Arc ...

'', was described in Collin de Plancy's 1825 edition of ''

Dictionnaire Infernal The ''Dictionnaire Infernal'' () is a book on demonology, describing demons organised in hierarchies. It was written by Jacques Collin de Plancy and first published in 1818. There were several editions of the book; perhaps the most famous is th ...

'' as having "the shape of a star or wheel". The 1863 edition of this book featured an illustration by Louis Le Breton, depicting a creature with five legs radially arranged. Neil R. Jones' 1937 story "On the Planet Fragment" features aliens dubbed the Disci, which are shaped like wheels, with limbs around the circumference. One of their methods of locomotion is a "rolling motion like that of a cartwheel." The 1944 science fiction short story "

Arena An arena is a large enclosed venue, often circular or oval-shaped, designed to showcase theatre, Music, musical performances or Sport, sporting events. It comprises a large open space surrounded on most or all sides by tiered seating for specta ...

", by

Fredric Brown Fredric Brown (October 29, 1906 – March 11, 1972) was an American science fiction, fantasy, and mystery writer.D. J. McReynolds, "The Short Fiction of Fredric Brown" in Frank N. Magill, (ed.) ''Survey of Science Fiction Literature'', Vol. ...

, features a telepathic alien called an Outsider, which is roughly spherical and moves by rolling. The story was the basis for a 1967 ''

Star Trek ''Star Trek'' is an American science fiction media franchise created by Gene Roddenberry, which began with the Star Trek: The Original Series, series of the same name and became a worldwide Popular culture, pop-culture Cultural influence of ...

'' episode of the same name, and possibly also a 1964 episode of '' The Outer Limits'' entitled "Fun and Games", though neither television treatment included a spherical creature. E. E. "Doc" Smith's 1950 novel '' First Lensman'' features the fontema, which consists of two wheels connected by articulations to an axle, lives on sunlight, and has only two behaviors: rolling, and conjugation/mating, which is scarcely more complicated. The Dutch graphic artist

M. C. Escher Maurits Cornelis Escher (; ; 17 June 1898 – 27 March 1972) was a Dutch graphic artist who made woodcuts, lithography, lithographs, and mezzotints, many of which were Mathematics and art, inspired by mathematics. Despite wide popular int ...

invented a creature that was capable of rolling itself forward, which he named ''Pedalternorotandomovens centroculatus articulosus''. He illustrated this creature in his 1951 lithograph (also known by the English title ''Curl-up''). A 1956

Scrooge McDuck Scrooge McDuck (occasionally stylized as $crooge McDuck) is a cartoon character created in 1947 for The Walt Disney Company by Carl Barks. Appearing in Disney comics, Scrooge is a Scottish-born American anthropomorphic duck. Like his nephew, Do ...

comic, ''

Land Beneath the Ground! "Land Beneath the Ground!" is a Scrooge McDuck comic book story that appeared in 1956 in the comic book ''Uncle Scrooge'', written by Carl Barks. Plot Worried about earthquakes damaging his money bin, Scrooge McDuck is determined to find out what ...

'', by

Carl Barks Carl Barks (March 27, 1901 – August 25, 2000) was an American cartoonist, author, and painter. He is best known for his work in Disney comics, Disney comic books, as the writer and artist of the first Donald Duck stories and as the creator of ...

, introduced Terries and Fermies (a play on the phrase '' terra firma''), creatures who move from place to place by rolling. The Terries and Fermies have made a sport of their rolling abilities, causing earthquakes in the process. Northern Irish author James White's ''

Sector General ''Sector General'' is a series of twelve science fiction novels and various short stories (1957–1999) by the Northern Irish author James White. The series derives its name from the setting of the majority of the books, the Sector 12 General Hos ...

'' series features "Rollers" from the planet Drambo, doughnut-shaped aquatic organisms that do not have

heart The heart is a muscular Organ (biology), organ found in humans and other animals. This organ pumps blood through the blood vessels. The heart and blood vessels together make the circulatory system. The pumped blood carries oxygen and nutrie ...

s, but which instead must roll continuously to maintain circulation by means of gravity. The Rollers are described in the short story "Spacebird" in the 1980 edition of '' Ambulance Ship'', and in other works in the series. The 1982 puppet-animated fantasy film ''

The Dark Crystal ''The Dark Crystal'' is a 1982 dark fantasy, dark fantasy film directed by Jim Henson and Frank Oz. It stars the voices of Stephen Garlick, Lisa Maxwell (actress), Lisa Maxwell, Billie Whitelaw, Percy Edwards, and Barry Dennen. The film was prod ...

'', directed by

Jim Henson James Maury Henson (September 24, 1936 – May 16, 1990) was an American puppeteer, animator, actor, and filmmaker who achieved worldwide notability as the creator of the Muppets. Henson was also well known for creating ''Fraggle Rock'' ( ...

and

Frank Oz Frank Richard Oznowicz (born May 25, 1944), known professionally as Frank Oz, is an American puppeteer, filmmaker and actor. He is best known for his involvement with Jim Henson and George Lucas through ''The Muppets'', ''Sesame Street'', and '' ...

, introduced the character Fizzgig, a dog-like companion creature that rolls from place to place. In 2015, an original film puppet of Fizzgig was put on auction with an estimated value of $12,000–$15,000. In '' The Citadel of Chaos'' (1983) by Steve Jackson, the reader encounters Wheelies, disc-shaped creatures with four arms who move by doing cartwheels. '' Tuf Voyaging'', a 1986 science fiction novel by

George R. R. Martin George Raymond Richard Martin (born George Raymond Martin; September 20, 1948) also known by the initials G.R.R.M. is an American author, television writer, and television producer. He is best known as the author of the unfinished series of Hi ...

, features an alien called a Rolleram, described as a "berserk living cannonball of enormous size", which kills its prey by rolling over it and crushing it, before digesting it externally. Adults of the species weigh approximately six metric tons and can roll faster than . In the ''Sonic the Hedgehog'' video game series, which first appeared in 1991, the eponymous

Sonic Sonic or Sonics may refer to: Companies *Sonic Drive-In, an American drive-in, fast-food restaurant chain * Sonic (ISP), an Internet provider CLEC, serving more than 100 California communities * Sonic Foundry, a computer software company whic ...

and his sidekick Tails are capable of moving by rolling. The 1995 short story "Microbe", by

Kenyon College Kenyon College ( ) is a Private university, private Liberal arts colleges in the United States, liberal arts college in Gambier, Ohio, United States. It was founded in 1824 by Episcopal Bishop Philander Chase. It is the oldest private instituti ...

biologist and feminist science fiction writer

Joan Slonczewski Joan Lyn Slonczewski (born August 14, 1956) is an American microbiologist at Kenyon College and a science fiction writer who explores biology and space travel. Her books have twice earned the John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Ficti ...

, describes an exploratory expedition to an alien world whose plant and animal life consists entirely of doughnut-shaped organisms.

Wheeled creatures

Toy animals with wheels dating from the

Pre-Columbian era In the history of the Americas, the pre-Columbian era, also known as the pre-contact era, or as the pre-Cabraline era specifically in Brazil, spans from the initial peopling of the Americas in the Upper Paleolithic to the onset of European col ...

were uncovered by archaeologists in

Veracruz Veracruz, formally Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave, is one of the 31 states which, along with Mexico City, comprise the 32 Political divisions of Mexico, Federal Entit ...

, Mexico, in the 1940s. The indigenous peoples of this region did not use wheels for transportation prior to the arrival of Europeans. Wheeler Ozma of Oz

L. Frank Baum Lyman Frank Baum (; May 15, 1856 – May 6, 1919) was an American author best known for his children's fantasy books, particularly '' The Wonderful Wizard of Oz'', part of a series. In addition to the 14 ''Oz'' books, Baum penned 41 other novels ...

's 1907 children's novel ''

Ozma of Oz ''Ozma of Oz'' was the third book of L. Frank Baum's List of Oz books, Oz series, published in 1907. Publication The full title of the first edition read ''Ozma of Oz: A Record of Her Adventures with Dorothy Gale of Kansas, Billina the Yellow ...

'' features humanoid creatures with wheels instead of hands and feet, called Wheelers. Their wheels are composed of

keratin Keratin () is one of a family of structural fibrous proteins also known as ''scleroproteins''. It is the key structural material making up Scale (anatomy), scales, hair, Nail (anatomy), nails, feathers, horn (anatomy), horns, claws, Hoof, hoove ...

, which has been suggested by biologists as a means of avoiding nutrient and waste transfer problems with living wheels. Despite moving quickly on open terrain, the Wheelers are stymied by obstacles in their path that do not hinder creatures with limbs. They also appear in the 1985 film ''

Return to Oz ''Return to Oz'' is a 1985 dark fantasy film released by Walt Disney Pictures, co-written and directed by Walter Murch. It stars Nicol Williamson, Jean Marsh, Piper Laurie, and Fairuza Balk as Dorothy Gale in her first screen role. The film is ...

''. The surrealist artist Remedios Varo (1908–1963) painted images of fantastical creatures with wheels as their bases, such as '' Homo rodans'' (1959), ''Fantastic animal'' (1959), and ''The Ladies at Bonhuer''. The 1966 novella ''

The Last Castle ''The Last Castle'' is a 2001 American action film, action Drama (film and television), drama film directed by Rod Lurie, starring Robert Redford, James Gandolfini, Mark Ruffalo and Delroy Lindo. The film portrays a struggle between inmates and ...

'' by

Jack Vance John Holbrook Vance (August 28, 1916 – May 26, 2013) was an American mystery, fantasy, and science fiction writer. He also wrote several mystery novels under pen names, including Ellery Queen. Vance won the World Fantasy Award for Life Ach ...

describes "power-wagons" as creatures with a mix of biological and mechanical elements, including wheels. The 1968 novel '' The Goblin Reservation'' by Clifford D. Simak features an intelligent alien race that uses biological wheels.

Kurt Vonnegut Kurt Vonnegut ( ; November 11, 1922 – April 11, 2007) was an American author known for his Satire, satirical and darkly humorous novels. His published work includes fourteen novels, three short-story collections, five plays, and five nonfict ...

's 1973 novel ''

Breakfast of Champions ''Breakfast of Champions, or Goodbye Blue Monday'' is a 1973 novel by the American author Kurt Vonnegut. His seventh novel, it is set predominantly in the fictional town of Midland City, Ohio, and focuses on two characters: Dwayne Hoover, a Mid ...

'' includes a brief description of fictional author

Kilgore Trout Kilgore Trout is a fictional character created by author Kurt Vonnegut (1922–2007). Trout is a notably unsuccessful author of paperback science fiction novels. "Trout" was inspired by the name of the author Theodore Sturgeon (1918–1985), Vo ...

's novel ''Plague on Wheels'', which features a planet inhabited by sentient wheeled automobiles. Evsise, the narrator of

Harlan Ellison Harlan Jay Ellison (May 27, 1934 – June 28, 2018) was an American writer, known for his prolific and influential work in New Wave science fiction, New Wave speculative fiction and for his outspoken, combative personality. His published wo ...

’s 1975 novelette "I'm Looking for Kadak", describes himself thus: "I am squat and round and move very close to the ground by a series of caterpillar feet set around the rim of ball joints and sockets on either side of my toches ... and when I’ve wound the feet tight, I have to jump off the ground so they can unwind and then I move forward again which makes my movement very peculiar ..." '' Chorlton and the Wheelies'', a British

stop-motion Stop-motion (also known as stop frame animation) is an animation, animated filmmaking and special effects technique in which objects are physically manipulated in small increments between individually photographed frames so that they will appe ...

-animated television series that aired from 1976 to 1979, was set in "Wheelie World", which was inhabited by three-wheeled creatures called "wheelies". John Varley's 1977 short story, "In the Hall of the Martian Kings" feature several types of creatures on Mars with wheels (for locomotion) or spinning windmills.

Piers Anthony Piers Anthony Dillingham Jacob (born August 6, 1934) is an American author in the science fiction and fantasy genres, publishing under the name Piers Anthony. He is best known for his long-running novel series set in the fictional realm of Xan ...

's 1977 book ''

Cluster may refer to: Science and technology Astronomy * Cluster (spacecraft), constellation of four European Space Agency spacecraft * Cluster II (spacecraft), a European Space Agency mission to study the magnetosphere * Asteroid cluster, a small ...

'' and its sequels feature aliens called Polarians, which locomote by gripping and balancing atop a large ball. The ball is a living, though temporarily separable, portion of the Polarian's body.

David Brin Glen David Brin (born October 6, 1950) is an American science fiction author. He has won the Hugo Award, Hugo,

's ''Uplift'' Universe includes a wheeled species called the g'Kek, which are described in some detail in the 1995 novel '' Brightness Reef''. In 1996's '' Infinity's Shore'', a g'Kek is described as looking like "a squid in a wheelchair." The g'Kek suffer from

arthritic Arthritis is a general medical term used to describe a disorder that affects joints. Symptoms generally include joint pain and stiffness. Other symptoms may include redness, warmth, swelling, and decreased range of motion of the affected jo ...

axles in their old age, particularly when living in a high-gravity environment. A 1997 novel in the ''

Animorphs ''Animorphs'' is a science fantasy series of youth books written by Katherine Applegate and her husband Michael Grant, writing together under the name K. A. Applegate, and published by Scholastic. It is told in first person, with all si ...

'' series, ''

The Andalite Chronicles This is a list of all books in the ''Animorphs'' series by K. A. Applegate. For a list of authors who ghostwrote much of this series using Applegate's name, see . List of main books and companion books in publication order There are fifty-f ...

'', includes an alien called a Mortron, composed of two separate entities: a yellow and black bottom half with four wheels, and a red, elongated head with razor-sharp teeth and concealed wings. The 2000 novel '' The Amber Spyglass'', by English author

Philip Pullman Sir Philip Nicholas Outram Pullman (born 19 October 1946) is an English writer. He is best known for the fantasy trilogy ''His Dark Materials''. The first volume, ''Northern Lights'' (1995), won the Carnegie Medal

, features an alien race known as the Mulefa, which have diamond-shaped bodies with one leg at the front and back and one on each side. The Mulefa use large, disk-shaped seed pods as wheels. They mount the pods on bone axles on their front and back legs, while propelling themselves with their side legs. The Mulefa have a

symbiotic Symbiosis (Ancient Greek : living with, companionship < : together; and ''bíōsis'': living) is any type of a close and long-term biolo ...

relationship with the seed pod trees, which depend on the rolling action to crack open the pods and allow the seeds to disperse. In the 2000 novel ''Wheelers'', by English mathematician Ian Stewart and reproductive biologist Jack Cohen, a

Jovian Jovian is the adjectival form of Jupiter and may refer to: * Jovian (emperor) (Flavius Iovianus Augustus), Roman emperor (363–364 AD) * Jovians and Herculians, Roman imperial guard corps * Jovian (lemur), a Coquerel's sifaka known for ''Zobooma ...

species called "blimps" has developed the ability to biologically produce machines called "wheelers", which use wheels for locomotion. The children's television series '' Jungle Junction'', which premiered in 2009, features hybrid jungle animals with wheels rather than legs; one such animal, Ellyvan, is a hybrid of an

elephant Elephants are the largest living land animals. Three living species are currently recognised: the African bush elephant ('' Loxodonta africana''), the African forest elephant (''L. cyclotis''), and the Asian elephant ('' Elephas maximus ...

and a van. These animals traverse their habitat on elevated

highway A highway is any public or private road or other public way on land. It includes not just major roads, but also other public roads and rights of way. In the United States, it is also used as an equivalent term to controlled-access highway, or ...

s. The 2011 video game ''Dark Souls'' features Wheel Skeletons (or "Bonewheels"), which wear a wooden-spiked wheel, allowing them to roll at high speed. The 2021 Japanese children's

stop motion Stop-motion (also known as stop frame animation) is an animated filmmaking and special effects technique in which objects are physically manipulated in small increments between individually photographed frames so that they will appear to exh ...

animated series '' Pui Pui Molcar'' features guinea pig/vehicle hybrids. They are sentient, but are shown being driven around on roads by humans. Although they have wheels, they are usually shown using them like feet to walk and run.

References

{{reflist, 30em, refs= {{cite book, last1=White, first1=James, author-link1=James White (author), title=Ambulance Ship, date=1980, publisher= Ballantine, isbn=978-0-345-28513-3, chapter=Spacebird {{Cite book , last = Anthony , first = Piers , author-link = Piers Anthony , title = Cluster , publisher = Avon Books , date = October 1977 , url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKMoAwAAQBAJ , via = Google Books , pages = 18–20,143 , isbn = 978-1-61756-013-2 {{Cite book , last = Applegate , first = K. A. , author-link = K. A. Applegate , title = The Andalite Chronicles , publisher = Scholastic Press , series =

, year = 1997 , isbn = 978-0-590-10971-0 , url = https://archive.org/details/andalitechronicl00appl {{ISFDB title, id=41651, title=Arena {{Cite book , last = Baum , first = Lyman Frank , author-link = L. Frank Baum , others = John Rea Neill (illustrator) , title = Ozma of Oz , publisher = The Reilly & Britton Co. , series = Oz , volume = 3 , year = 1907 , location = Chicago , pages = 44–45 , url = https://books.google.com/books?id=A-EQAAAAYAAJ&q=%22ozma%20of%20oz%22%20wheelers&pg=PP1 , via = Google Books , isbn = 978-1-173-24727-0 {{cite news, title=Disney success for Cornish company, url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-cornwall-13989213 , archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170304060808/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-cornwall-13989213 , archive-date = March 4, 2017 , url-status = live , publisher=

BBC The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a British public service broadcaster headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, England. Originally established in 1922 as the British Broadcasting Company, it evolved into its current sta ...

, date=July 1, 2011 {{Cite book , last = Brin , first = David , author-link = David Brin , title = Brightness Reef , publisher = Random House , series = Uplift trilogy , volume = 1 , year = 1995 , url = https://books.google.com/books?id=KAE_b_NepzYC&q=%22brightness%20reef%22&pg=PP1 , via = Google Books , isbn = 978-0-553-57330-5 {{Cite book , last = Brin , first = David , title = Infinity's Shore , publisher = Easton Press , series = Uplift trilogy , volume = 2 , year = 1996 , url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AI7tfpHt8MoC&q=%22squid%20in%20a%20wheelchair%22&pg=PP1 , via = Google Books , isbn = 978-1-85723-565-4 {{Cite book , last = Brown , first = Fredric , author-link = Fredric Brown , title = Arena , publisher = Astounding Stories , year = 1944 , url = http://arthursclassicnovels.com/arthurs/brown-f/arena10.html , archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090414001459/http://arthursclassicnovels.com/arthurs/brown-f/arena10.html , archive-date = April 14, 2009 , url-status = usurped , isbn = 978-9635234974 {{cite web , title = Uncle Scrooge: Land Beneath the Ground! , work = Inducks Database , publisher = COA , url = https://inducks.org/story.php?c=W+US+++13-02 , accessdate = July 15, 2012 {{cite web , title = Terries and Fermies , work = Inducks Database , publisher = COA , url = https://inducks.org/character.php?c=Terries+and+Fermies , accessdate = July 15, 2012 {{cite web, url=https://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2021/02/16/the-fans-have-spoken-pui-pui-molcar-is-the-best-anime-of-winter-2021, title=The Fans Have Spoken: Pui Pui Molcar Is the Best Anime of Winter 2021, website=Crunchyroll, date=February 16, 2021, access-date=February 21, 2021 {{cite book, last1=de Plancy, first1=Jacques-Albin-Simon Collin, author-link=Jacques Collin de Plancy, language=fr, title=Dictionnaire infernal, date=1825, publisher=P. Mongie aîné, pag
478
url=https://archive.org/details/dictionnaireinf03plangoog, accessdate=12 September 2016 {{cite book, last1=de Plancy, first1=Jacques-Albin-Simon Collin, author-link=Jacques Collin de Plancy, language=fr, title=Dictionnaire infernal, date=1863, editor=Henri Plon, page=123, publisher=Slatkine , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=REN0H5OXxjYC, accessdate=12 September 2016, isbn=978-2051012775 {{cite journal , last = Diamond , first = Jared , author-link = Jared Diamond , title = The Biology of the Wheel , journal = Nature , volume = 302 , pages = 572–573 , doi = 10.1038/302572a0 , pmid = 6835391 , date = April 14, 1983 , issue = 5909 , bibcode = 1983Natur.302..572D , s2cid = 4273917 , doi-access = free {{subscription required, s {{Cite episode , title = The Treasure of Jungle Junction , url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vSGnUHaArwo , accessdate = December 4, 2014 , series = Jungle Junction , series-link = Jungle Junction , network = Disney Channel , date = October 3, 2009 , series-no = 1 , number = 4a {{cite book, last1=White, first1=James, title=Double Contact, date=1999, isbn=978-0-7653-8986-2, page=131, publisher=Tor Publishing , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DyXFCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA131, via = Google Books {{Cite book , last = Escher , first = Maurits Cornelis , author-link = M. C. Escher , title = M.C. Escher, the graphic work , publisher = Taschen , year = 2001 , location = Germany , pages = 14, 65 , url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lq-EZiRdPswC&q=escher+%22curl-up%22&pg=PP1 , isbn = 978-3-8228-5864-6 {{cite web, title=『PUI PUI モルカー』ってなに!? Twitterで話題沸騰のパペットアニメ。いまなら最新話に追いつける！, url=https://www.famitsu.com/news/202101/17212883.html, publisher=

Famitsu , formerly , is a line of Japanese Video game journalism, video game magazines published by Kadokawa Game Linkage (previously known as Gzbrain), a subsidiary of Kadokawa Corporation, Kadokawa. ''Famitsu'' is published in both weekly and monthly f ...

, date=February 4, 2021, accessdate=February 16, 2021, language=ja {{cite book, last1=White, first1=James, title=Final Diagnosis, url=https://archive.org/details/finaldiagnosisse00whit, url-access=registration, date=1997, publisher=Tor Books, isbn=978-0-8125-6268-2 {{cite journal , last1 = Full , first1 = Robert , last2 = Earis , first2 = Kathleen , last3 = Wong , first3 = Mary , last4 = Caldwell , first4 = Roy , title = Locomotion like a wheel? , journal = Nature , volume = 365 , pages = 495 , doi = 10.1038/365495a0 , date = October 7, 1993 , issue = 6446 , bibcode = 1993Natur.365..495F , s2cid = 41320779 , doi-access = free {{cite news, title=A Salute to the Wheel, first=Megan, last=Gambino, work= Smithsonian, date=June 17, 2009, url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/a-salute-to-the-wheel-31805121/, archive-url=https://archive.today/20170626042438/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/a-salute-to-the-wheel-31805121/, archive-date=June 26, 2017, url-status=live {{cite web , title=Creatures of Thra , url=http://www.darkcrystal.com/encyclopedia_creaturesofthra.php , website=DarkCrystal.com , publisher=

The Jim Henson Company The Jim Henson Company, Inc., formerly known as Muppets, Inc., Henson Associates, Inc., and Jim Henson Productions, Inc. (commonly referred to as Henson), is an American entertainment company located in Los Angeles, California. The company is kn ...

, accessdate=21 October 2019 {{IMDb title, qid=Q525094, id=tt1443631, title=Jungle Junction (2009– ) {{Cite web , title = Wheelers , publisher = Kirkus Reviews , date = September 15, 2000 , url = https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/ian-stewart/wheelers/ , archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170318003806/https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/ian-stewart/wheelers/ , archive-date = March 18, 2017 , url-status = live {{cite web, last1=Louie, first1=Gary, title=The Classification System, url=http://www.sectorgeneral.com/articlesclassification.html, website=SectorGeneral.com, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103210551/http://www.sectorgeneral.com/articlesclassification.html, archive-date=January 3, 2017, url-status = live {{cite book , last = Martin , first = George R.R. , author-link = George R.R. Martin , title = Tuf Voyaging , publisher = Baen Books , date = 1986 , url = https://archive.org/details/tufvoyaging0000mart_w2r3 , isbn = 978-0-671-55985-4 , via = Le Cercle Fantastique , url-access = registration {{Cite journal , last = Pruett , first = Chris , title = The Anthropology of Fear: Learning About Japan Through Horror Games , journal = Interface on the Internet , volume = 10 , issue = 9 , date = November 2010 , url = http://journals.sfu.ca/loading/index.php/loading/article/viewFile/90/87 , format=PDF , accessdate = April 16, 2011 {{Cite book , last = Pullman , first = Philip , author-link = Philip Pullman , title = The Amber Spyglass , publisher = Alfred A. Knopf , series =

His Dark Materials ''His Dark Materials'' is a trilogy of fantasy novels by Philip Pullman consisting of '' Northern Lights'' (1995; published as ''The Golden Compass'' in North America), '' The Subtle Knife'' (1997), and '' The Amber Spyglass'' (2000). It follo ...

, volume = 3 , year = 2000 , url = https://books.google.com/books?id=w4b9NkLPT5IC&q=%22The%20Amber%20Spyglass%22&pg=PP1 , via = Google Books , isbn = 978-0-375-84673-1 {{cite journal , last = Scholtz , first = Gerhard , title = Scarab beetles at the interface of wheel invention in nature and culture? , journal = Contributions to Zoology , volume = 77 , issue = 3 , year = 2008 , pages = 139–148 , doi = 10.1163/18759866-07703001 , url = http://www.ctoz.nl/vol77/nr03/a01 , archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161021001258/http://www.ctoz.nl/vol77/nr03/a01 , archive-date = October 21, 2016 , url-status = live , issn = 1875-9866 , doi-access = free {{Cite video game , title = Sonic the Hedgehog , developer = Sonic Team , publisher =

Sega is a Japanese video game company and subsidiary of Sega Sammy Holdings headquartered in Tokyo. It produces several List of best-selling video game franchises, multi-million-selling game franchises for arcade game, arcades and video game cons ...

, date = June 23, 1991 {{Cite book , last = Simak , first = Clifford D. , author-link = Clifford D. Simak , title = The Goblin Reservation , publisher = G. P. Putnam's Sons , year = 1968 , location = New York , pages = 5, 42 , url = https://books.google.com/books?id=gR48PgAACAAJ , isbn = 978-0-88184-897-7 {{Cite book , last = Slonczewski , first = Joan , author-link = Joan Slonczewski , title = Microbe , newspaper = The Children Star , publisher = Tor Science Fiction , year = 1998 , url = https://archive.org/details/childrenstar00slon , isbn = 978-0-312-86716-4 {{cite web, last1=Switzer, first1=David M., title=Microbe, url=https://www.davidmswitzer.com/slonczewski/microbe.html, archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161228163648/http://www.davidmswitzer.com/slonczewski/microbe.html , archive-date = December 28, 2016 , url-status = live , website=The Science Fiction of Joan Slonczewski, date=March 11, 2014 {{Cite book , last1 = Stewart , first1 = Ian , author1-link = Ian Stewart (mathematician) , last2 = Cohen , first2 = Jack , author2-link = Jack Cohen (scientist) , title = Wheelers , publisher = Warner Books , year = 2000 , url = https://archive.org/details/wheelers00stew , url-access = registration , via = Internet Archive , isbn = 978-0-446-52560-2 {{cite web , url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2007/01/27/sonic-the-hedgehog-vc-review , archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160113063324/http://www.ign.com/articles/2007/01/27/sonic-the-hedgehog-vc-review , archive-date = January 13, 2016 , url-status = live , title=Sonic the Hedgehog VC Review , date=January 26, 2007 , last=Thomas , first=Lucas M. , work=IGN , publisher=IGN Entertainment {{cite web, title=Chorlton and the Wheelies (1976 – 1979), website=Toonhound.com, url=http://www.toonhound.com/chorlton.htm, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805060143/http://www.toonhound.com/chorlton.htm, archive-date=August 5, 2016, url-status=dead {{cite news , last1=Woerner , first1=Meredith , title=Fizzgig puppet from Jim Henson's 'The Dark Crystal' up for auction , url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/herocomplex/la-et-hc-own-dark-crystal-fizzgig-20150826-story.html , accessdate=21 October 2019 , work=

Los Angeles Times The ''Los Angeles Times'' is an American Newspaper#Daily, daily newspaper that began publishing in Los Angeles, California, in 1881. Based in the Greater Los Angeles city of El Segundo, California, El Segundo since 2018, it is the List of new ...

, date=August 26, 2015 Fantasy tropes Hypothetical life forms Legendary creatures Speculative evolution