Rodrigo Mendoza

''The Mission'' is a 1986 British historical drama film about the experiences of a Jesuit missionary in 18th-century South America. Directed by Roland Joffé and written by Robert Bolt, the film stars Robert De Niro, Jeremy Irons, Ray McAnally, Aidan Quinn, Cherie Lunghi and Liam Neeson.

The film premiered in competition at the 39th Cannes Film Festival, winning the Palme d'Or. At the 59th Academy Awards, it was nominated for seven awards including Best Picture and Best Director, winning for Best Cinematography. The film has also been cited as one of the greatest religious films of all time, appearing in the Vatican film list's "Religion" section and being number one on the ''Church Times''s Top 50 Religious Films list.

Plot

In the 1750s, Jesuit priest Father Gabriel enters the eastern Paraguayan jungle to convert the Guaraní to Christianity. He sends another priest to make contact with them, but the man is thrown to his death from Iguazu Falls. Father Gabriel travels to the falls and plays his oboe. One of the Guaraní grabs the oboe from his hands and breaks it in half. Father Gabriel does not react, and the remaining Guaraní, captivated by the music, take him to their village.

Captain Rodrigo Mendoza is a mercenary and slave trader, and a guest of the Spanish governor, Don Cabeza. His fiancée Carlotta confesses that she is in love with his half-brother Felipe. Mendoza catches them sleeping together and kills Felipe in a duel, an act that leaves him riddled with guilt. Father Gabriel, a friend of the governor's, challenges Mendoza to undergo penance. Mendoza is forced to accompany the Jesuits to their mission while dragging his heavy armor and sword behind him. The natives recognise their persecutor, but soon forgive a tearful Mendoza. Father Gabriel's mission is depicted as a place of sanctuary and education for the Guaraní. Moved by the Guaraní's acceptance, Mendoza wishes to help, and Father Gabriel gives him a Bible. In time, Mendoza takes vows and becomes a Jesuit.

With the protection offered under Spanish law, the Jesuit missions have been safe. The newly signed Treaty of Madrid reapportions land on which the missions are located, transferring it to the Portuguese. The Portuguese have no interest in converting the natives, viewing them as animals fit only for slavery. Aware that the Jesuits would likely oppose such efforts, Papal emissary Cardinal Altamirano, a Jesuit, is sent to survey the missions and decide which, if any, should be allowed to remain.

Under pressure from both Cabeza and the Portuguese emissary Hontar, Altamirano is forced to choose between two evils. If he rules in favour of the colonists, the indigenous peoples will become enslaved; if in favour of the missions, the Jesuit Order may be condemned by the Portuguese, and the Catholic Church could fracture. Altamirano visits the missions and is amazed at their success in converting the native peoples. At Father Gabriel's mission, he tries to explain the reasons behind closing the missions and instructs the Guaraní that they must leave because "it is God's will".

The Guaraní question this and argue that God's will is to develop the mission. Father Gabriel and Mendoza, under threat of excommunication, state their intention to defend the mission even at the cost of their lives. They are, however, divided on how to do it. Father Gabriel believes that violence is a direct crime against God. Mendoza, by contrast, decides to break his vows by militarily defending the mission. Against Father Gabriel's wishes, he teaches the Guaraní the European art of war.

When a joint Portuguese and Spanish force attacks, Mendoza and a Guaraní militia resist them. Their heroic defense is quickly overcome by the superior weaponry and numbers of the enemy, and Mendoza is killed with his men. The soldiers encounter the Jesuits of the mission leading the Guaraní women and children singing in a religious procession. Father Gabriel is at the head, carrying a monstrance with the Blessed Sacrament.

The colonial forces organize a firing line and discharge their guns directly into the procession, killing the priests. After Father Gabriel dies, a Guaraní man picks up the Blessed Sacrament and continues to lead the procession. Most of the natives are subsequently captured to be sold as slaves, but a small group of children manages to escape into the jungle.

In a final exchange between Altamirano and Hontar, the latter notes that what has happened was unfortunate but inevitable: "We must work in the world; the world is thus." Altamirano rejoins: "No, thus have we made the world. Thus have I made it." Days later, a canoe carrying the surviving children returns to the pillaged and burned mission, retrieving their belongings. They depart up the river, going deeper into the jungle, with the thought that the events will remain in their memories.

Cast

Historical basis

''The Mission'' is based on events surrounding the Treaty of Madrid in 1750, in which Spain ceded part of Jesuit Paraguay to Portugal. A significant subtext is the impending suppression of the Jesuits, of which Father Gabriel is warned by the film's narrator, Cardinal Altamirano, who is a Jesuit. Altamirano, speaking in hindsight in 1758, corresponds to the actual Andalusian Jesuit Father Luis Altamirano, who was sent by Jesuit Superior General Ignacio Visconti to Paraguay in 1752 to transfer territory from Spain to Portugal. He oversaw the transfer of seven missions south and east of the Río Uruguay that had been settled by Guaraní and Jesuits in the 17th century. As compensation, Spain promised each mission 4,000 pesos—fewer than 1 peso for each of the approximately 30,000 Guaraní of the seven missions—while the cultivated lands, livestock and buildings were estimated to be worth 7–16 million pesos.

The film's climax is the Guaraní War of 1754–1756, during which historical Guaraní defended their homes against Spanish-Portuguese forces that were implementing the Treaty of Madrid. For the film, a re-creation was made of one of the seven missions, São Miguel das Missões.James Schofield Saeger (1995) "The Mission and Historical Missions: Film and the Writing of History." ''The Americas'', Vol. 51, No. 3, pp. 393–415.

Father Gabriel's character is loosely based on the life of Paraguayan saint and Jesuit Roque González de Santa Cruz. The story is taken from the book ''The Lost Cities of Paraguay'' by Father C. J. McNaspy, S.J., who was also a consultant on the film.

The waterfall setting of the film suggests the combination of these events with the story of older missions, founded between 1610 and 1630 on the Paranapanema River above the Guaíra Falls, from which Paulista slave raids forced Guaraní and Jesuits to flee in 1631. The battle at the end of the film evokes the eight-day Battle of Mbororé in 1641, a battle fought on land, as well as in boats on rivers, in which the Jesuit-organised, firearm-equipped Guaraní forces stopped the Paulista raiders.

Historical accuracy

The historical Altamirano was not a cardinal sent by the Pope, but an emissary sent by the Superior General of the Society of Jesus, Ignacio Visconti, to preserve the Jesuits in Europe in the face of attacks in Spain and Portugal.

James Schofield Saeger has many objections to the portrayal of the Guaraní in the movie. The film, in his opinion, is a "white European distortion of Native American reality". Native Americans are treated as "mission furniture".

The film asserts that the Guaraní accepted Christianity immediately, but in reality, native religious beliefs persisted for several generations. He believes that the movie glosses over the frequent resistance by Guaraní to Jesuit authority, as witnessed by several revolts and the refusal of many Guaraní to live in the missions.

The movie also portrays the Jesuits engaged in armed resistance to Spanish attempts to force the missions to relocate in the 1750s. In reality, the revolt was carried out by the Guaraní ''after'' the Jesuits had turned over control of the missions to the colonial governments of Spain and Portugal. In fact, the Jesuits ordered the Guaraní to turn over their weapons and submit. The Guaraní defied these orders and embarked on an armed, but ultimately unsuccessful revolt. However, several individual Jesuits did choose to stay in the missions with the Guaraní during their suppression by the colonials. The Spanish and Portuguese accused them of inciting the Guaraní to resist.

Filming locations

The film was mostly filmed in Colombia, Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. The tunnels of Fort Amherst in Kent were used as part of the monastery where Mendoza sequesters after murdering his brother.

Bodyguards had to be hired to protect Robert De Niro because the Medellín Cartel, led by Pablo Escobar, had threatened to kill any Americans found in Colombia, in retaliation for the Drug Enforcement Administration's cracking down on drug traffickers.

Soundtrack

The soundtrack for ''The Mission'' is written by Ennio Morricone. Beginning with a liturgical piece ("On Earth as It Is in Heaven") that becomes the "Spanish" theme, it quickly moves to the "Guaraní" theme, which is written in a heavily native style and uses several indigenous instruments. Later, Morricone defined ''The Mission'' theme as a duet between the "Spanish" and "Guaraní" themes. The soundtrack was recorded at CTS Lansdowne Studios in London.

Other themes throughout the movie include "Penance", "Conquest" and "Ave Maria Guaraní'. In the latter, a large choir of indigenous people sing a rendition of the "Ave Maria".

Reception

Box office

The film grossed $17.2 million in the US and international box office, against a budget of £16.5 million, which was the US equivalent of $25.4 million, making it a commercial disappointment.

Goldcrest Films invested £15,130,000 in the film and received £12,250,000 in returns, netting Goldcrest a £2,880,000 loss.

Critical

''The Mission'' received mixed-to-positive reviews from critics. The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 63% of critics have given the film a positive review based on 30 reviews, with an average rating of 6.4/10. The site's critics consensus reads, "''The Mission'' is a well-meaning epic given delicate heft by its sumptuous visuals and a standout score by Ennio Morricone, but its staid presentation never stirs an emotional investment in its characters." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 55 out of 100 based on 18 critic reviews, indicating "mixed or average" reviews.

Vincent Canby of ''The New York Times'' reviewed the film unfavourably and blamed Bolt for its shortcomings, citing Bolt's tendency to "state points without dramatising them, in fancy locutions that must be the stuff of the nightmares of sensible actors", his stock characters who lack "dramatic identity", each personifying "a pre-set attitude", and his sentimental portrayal of the Guaraní, who "are condescended to as mostly smiling, trusting, undifferentiated aspects of Eden—innocents with sweet singing voices and a lot of rhythm."

Robert De Niro would later say of ''The Mission'', "I thought it was a really wonderful, meaningful story... The idea of this man changing appealed to me a lot. It was an amazing experience and I liked Roland Joffé a lot. He's a good director with a lot of heart. Some people thought it was ponderous but I thought it was a wonderful movie. I'm partial, and I don't usually say that, but I thought it was."

Awards and honours

Lists

* 1995: Vatican Film List (Religion)
* 2005: AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores – #23
* 2007: ''Church Times'' Top 50 Religious Films – #1
* 2013: ABC's Classic 100 Music in the Movies – #1

See also

* Iguazu Falls

Notes

References

External links

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The Mission
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Arts & Faith Top100 Spiritually Significant Films
list

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mission
1986 films
Films directed by Roland Joffé
Films set in Brazil
Films set in Paraguay
Films set in jungles
Palme d'Or winners
Films about Catholicism
British historical films
1980s historical films
Goldcrest Films films
1980s English-language films
Guaraní-language films
Films set in the 1750s
1980s Spanish-language films
Latin-language films
Society of Jesus
Films with screenplays by Robert Bolt
Films about Catholic priests
Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography Academy Award
Films shot in Foz do Iguaçu
Films shot in Colombia
Films set in South America
British epic films
Films about hunter-gatherers
Indigenous cinema in Latin America
Films scored by Ennio Morricone
Films produced by David Puttnam
Fiction about fratricide
Christian missionaries in South America
Spanish missions in South America
Warner Bros. films
1980s British films
Films about siblicide
English-language historical films