Roderick Jaynes

Joel Coen and Ethan Coen, together known as the Coen brothers (), are an American filmmaking duo. Their films span many genres and styles, which they frequently subvert or parody. Among their most acclaimed works are ''Blood Simple'' (1984), ''Raising Arizona'' (1987), ''Miller's Crossing'' (1990), ''Barton Fink'' (1991), '' Fargo'' (1996), ''The Big Lebowski'' (1998), ''O Brother, Where Art Thou?'' (2000), ''No Country for Old Men'' (2007), ''A Serious Man'' (2009), '' True Grit'' (2010) and ''Inside Llewyn Davis'' (2013).

The brothers generally write, direct and produce their films jointly, although due to DGA regulations, Joel received sole directing credit while Ethan received sole production credit until '' The Ladykillers'' (2004), from which point on they would be credited together as directors and producers; they also shared editing credits under the alias Roderick Jaynes. The duo started directing separately in the 2020s, resulting in Joel's '' The Tragedy of Macbeth'' (2021) and Ethan's '' Jerry Lee Lewis: Trouble in Mind'' (2022) and ''Drive-Away Dolls'' (2024). They have been nominated for 13 Academy Awards together, plus one individual nomination for each, sharing wins for Best Original Screenplay for ''Fargo'', and Best Picture, Best Director and Best Adapted Screenplay for ''No Country for Old Men''. Their movie ''Barton Fink'' won the at the 1991 Cannes Film Festival.

The Coens have written films for other directors, including Sam Raimi's ''Crimewave'' (1985), Angelina Jolie's World War II biopic ''Unbroken'' (2014) and Steven Spielberg's Cold War drama '' Bridge of Spies'' (2015). They produced Terry Zwigoff's ''Bad Santa'' (2003) and John Turturro's ''Romance and Cigarettes'' (2005). Ethan is also a writer of short stories, theater and poetry.

They are known for their distinctive stylistic trademarks including genre hybridity. ''No Country for Old Men'', ''A Serious Man'' and ''Inside Llewyn Davis'' were included on the BBC's 2016 poll of the greatest motion pictures since 2000. In 1998, the American Film Institute (AFI) ranked ''Fargo'' among the 100 greatest American movies. Richard Corliss wrote of the Coens: "Dexterously flipping and reheating old movie genres like so many pancakes, they serve them up fresh, not with syrup but with a coating of comic arsenic."

Background

Early life

Joel Daniel Coen (born November 29, 1954) and Ethan Jesse Coen (born September 21, 1957) were born and raised in St. Louis Park, Minnesota, a suburb of Minneapolis. Their mother, Rena (née Neumann; 1925–2001), was an art historian at St. Cloud State University, and their father, Edward Coen (1919–2012), was a professor of economics at the University of Minnesota. The brothers have an older sister, Deborah, who is a psychiatrist in Israel.

Both sides of the Coen family were Eastern European Ashkenazi Jews. Their paternal grandfather, Victor Coen, was a barrister in the Inns of Court in London before retiring to Hove with their grandmother. Edward Coen was an American citizen born in the United States, but grew up in Croydon, London and studied at the London School of Economics. Afterwards he moved to the United States, where he met the Coens' mother, and served in the United States Army during World War II.

The Coens developed an early interest in cinema through television. They grew up watching Italian films (ranging from the works of Federico Fellini to the '' Sons of Hercules'' films) aired on a Minneapolis station, the Tarzan films, and comedies (Jerry Lewis, Bob Hope and Doris Day).

In the mid-1960s, Joel saved money from mowing lawns to buy a Vivitar Super 8 camera. Together, the brothers remade movies they saw on television, with their neighborhood friend Mark Zimering ("Zeimers") as the star. Cornel Wilde's ''The Naked Prey'' (1965) became their ''Zeimers in Zambezi'', which featured Ethan as a native with a spear. ''Lassie Come Home'' (1943) was reinterpreted as their ''Ed... A Dog'', with Ethan playing the mother role in his sister's tutu. They also made original films like ''Henry Kissinger, Man on the Go'', ''Lumberjacks of the North'' and ''The Banana Film''.

Education

Joel and Ethan graduated from St. Louis Park High School in 1973 and 1976, respectively, and from Bard College at Simon's Rock in Great Barrington, Massachusetts.

After Simon's Rock, Joel spent four years in the undergraduate film program at New York University, where he made a 30-minute thesis film, ''Soundings''. In 1979, he briefly enrolled in the graduate film program at the University of Texas at Austin, following a woman he had married who was in the graduate linguistics program. The marriage soon ended in divorce and Joel left UT Austin after nine months.

Ethan went on to Princeton University and earned an undergraduate degree in philosophy in 1979. His senior thesis was a 41-page essay, "Two Views of Wittgenstein's Later Philosophy", which was supervised by Raymond Geuss.

Career

1980s

After graduating from New York University, Joel worked as a production assistant on a variety of industrial films and music videos. He developed a talent for film editing and met Sam Raimi while assisting Edna Ruth Paul in editing Raimi's first feature film, ''The Evil Dead'' (1981).

The duo made their debut with ''Blood Simple'' (1984). Set in Texas, it tells the tale of a bar owner (Dan Hedaya) who hires a detective (M. Emmet Walsh) to kill his wife and her lover (Frances McDormand and John Getz, respectively). It contains elements that point to their future direction: distinctive homages to genre movies (in this case noir and horror), plot twists layered over a simple story, snappy dialogue and dark humor. Janet Maslin wrote: "The camera work by Barry Sonnenfeld is especially dazzling. So is the fact that Mr. Coen, unlike many people who have directed great-looking film noir efforts, knows better than to let handsomeness become the film's entire raison d'être. In addition to its stylishness, ''Blood Simple'' has the kind of purposefulness and coherence that show Mr. Coen to be headed for bigger, even better, things." Joel's direction was recognized at the Sundance and Independent Spirit awards. It was the first film shot by Sonnenfeld, who collaborated with the Coens on their two subsequent films and went on to be a director. It marked the first of many collaborations between the Coens and composer Carter Burwell. It was also the screen debut of McDormand, who went on to feature in many of the Coens' films (and marry Joel).

Their next project was ''Crimewave'' (Raimi, 1985), written by the Coens and Raimi. Joel and Raimi also made cameos in ''Spies Like Us'' (1985).

The brothers wanted to follow their debut with something fast-paced and funny. ''Raising Arizona'' (1987) follows an unlikely married couple: ex-convict H.I. (Nicolas Cage) and police officer Ed (Holly Hunter), who long for a baby but are unable to conceive. When furniture tycoon Nathan Arizona (Trey Wilson) appears on television with his newly born quintuplets and jokes that they "are more than we can handle", H.I. steals one of the quintuplets to bring up as their own. Pauline Kael noted its "cornpone-surreal quality" and wrote that the Coens "are going with their strengths. They're making a contraption, and they're good at it because they know how to make the camera behave mechanically, which is just right here—it mirrors the mechanics of farce ... The Sunsets look marvellously ultra-vivid; the paint doesn't seem to be dry—it's like opening day at a miniature-golf course." Geoff Andrew wrote: "the lives and times of Hi, Ed and friends are painted in splendidly seedy colours, turning Arizona into a mythical haven for a memorable gaggle of no-hopers, halfwits and has-beens. Starting from a point of delirious excess, the film leaps into dark and virtually uncharted territory to soar like a comet." The film featured McDormand, William Forsythe, Sam McMurray, Randall "Tex" Cobb and marked the first of many collaborations between the Coens and John Goodman.

1990s

''Miller's Crossing'' (1990) is a gangster film inspired by Dashiell Hammett's ''Red Harvest'' (1929) and ''The Glass Key'' (1931). It stars Gabriel Byrne as Irish mobster Tom Reagan and features Albert Finney, Marcia Gay Harden, Steve Buscemi, Jon Polito and John Turturro. The film was released almost simultaneously with ''Goodfellas'' and was not a commercial success, but received positive reviews. Christopher Orr (film critic), Christopher Orr calls it "a distillation of all the tropes and themes and moods of the classic gangster film." It was the Coens' first collaboration with production designer Dennis Gassner.

They followed it with ''Barton Fink'' (1991); set in 1941, it follows a New York playwright, the eponymous Fink (Turturro), who moves to Los Angeles to write a B-picture for a venal movie mogul (Michael Lerner (actor), Michael Lerner). Fink is modeled on playwright Clifford Odets, and the character W.P. Mayhew (John Mahoney) is based on William Faulkner. ''Barton Fink'' was a critical success, earning Oscar nominations and winning Best Director, Best Actor and at the 1991 Cannes Film Festival. It was their first film with cinematographer Roger Deakins, a key collaborator for the next 25 years.

''The Hudsucker Proxy'' (1994) is an homage to the screwball comedies of Frank Capra and Howard Hawks. Co-written with Raimi, the film follows a mailroom clerk (Tim Robbins) who is promoted to president of the Hudsucker corporation by a cynical director (Paul Newman) in a scheme to devalue the company's stock; a fast-talking newspaperwoman (Jennifer Jason Leigh) tries to scoop the story. Critics praised the production design but criticized the tone. It was a box office bomb ($30 million budget, $3 million gross in the US).

The brothers bounced back with the "homespun murder story" '' Fargo'' (1996), set in their home state of Minnesota. In it, car salesman Jerry Lundegaard (William H. Macy), who has serious financial problems, has his wife kidnapped so that his wealthy father-in-law (Harve Presnell) will pay the ransom, which he plans to split with the kidnappers (Buscemi and Peter Stormare). Complications ensue, and local cop Marge Gunderson (Fargo character), Marge Gunderson (McDormand) starts to investigate. Produced on a small budget of $7 million, ''Fargo'' was a critical and commercial success, with particular praise for its dialogue and McDormand's performance. The film received several awards, including a British Academy of Film and Television Arts, BAFTA award and Prix de la mise en scène, Cannes award for direction, and two Academy Awards, Oscars: a Academy Award for Writing Original Screenplay, Best Original Screenplay and a Academy Award for Best Actress, Best Actress Oscar for McDormand. Roger Ebert wrote that "it rotates its story through satire, comedy, suspense, and violence, until it emerges as one of the best films I've ever seen. To watch it is to experience steadily mounting delight, as you realize the filmmakers have taken enormous risks, gotten away with them, and have made a movie that is completely original, and as familiar as an old shoe – or a rubber-soled hunting boot from Land's End, more likely."

''The Big Lebowski'' (1998) is a crime comedy about Jeff "The Dude" Lebowski (Jeff Bridges), a Los Angeles slacker who is involved in a kidnapping case after being mistaken for a millionaire of the same name (David Huddleston.) It features Philip Seymour Hoffman as Lebowski's flunky, Goodman and Buscemi as The Dude's bowling buddies and Julianne Moore as his "special lady friend". It was influenced by Raymond Chandler's ''The Big Sleep'' (1939) and Robert Altman's The Long Goodbye (1973 film), ''The Long Goodbye''. It has become a cult classic. An annual festival, Lebowski Fest, began in 2002, and many adhere to the philosophy of "Dudeism". ''Entertainment Weekly'' ranked it 8th on their Funniest Movies of the Past 25 Years list in 2008. It was the first collaboration between the Coens and T Bone Burnett, credited as "Music Archivist".

2000s

The Coen brothers' next film, ''O Brother, Where Art Thou?'' (2000), was another critical and commercial success. The title was borrowed from the Preston Sturges film ''Sullivan's Travels'' (1941), whose lead character, movie director John Sullivan, had planned to make a film with that title. Based loosely on Homer's ''Odyssey'' (complete with a Cyclopes, Cyclops, Siren (mythology), sirens, ''et al.''), the story is set in Mississippi in the 1930s and follows a trio of escaped convicts who, after absconding from a chain gang, journey home to recover bank-heist loot the leader has buried—but they have no clear perception of where they are going. The film highlighted the comic abilities of George Clooney as the oddball lead character Ulysses Everett McGill, and of Tim Blake Nelson and John Turturro, his sidekicks. The film's Bluegrass music, bluegrass and old-time soundtrack, offbeat humor and Color grading, digitally desaturated cinematography made it a critical and commercial hit. It was the first feature film to use all-digital color grading. The O Brother, Where Art Thou? (soundtrack), film's soundtrack CD was also successful, spawning a concert and concert/documentary DVD, ''Down from the Mountain.''

The Coens next produced another Film Noir, noirish thriller, ''The Man Who Wasn't There (2001 film), The Man Who Wasn't There'' (2001).

The Coens directed the 2003 film ''Intolerable Cruelty'', starring George Clooney and Catherine Zeta-Jones, a throwback to the romantic comedies of the 1940s. It focuses on hotshot divorce lawyer Miles Massey and a beautiful divorcée whom Massey managed to prevent from receiving any money in her divorce. She vows to get even with him while, at the same time, he becomes smitten with her. ''Intolerable Cruelty'' received generally positive reviews, although it is considered one of the duo's weaker films. Also that year, they executive produced and did an uncredited rewrite of the Christmas black comedy ''Bad Santa'', which garnered positive reviews.

In 2004, the Coens made '' The Ladykillers'', a remake of the The Ladykillers (1955 film), British classic by Ealing Studios. A professor, played by Tom Hanks, assembles a team to rob a casino. They rent a room in an elderly woman's home to plan the heist. When the woman discovers the plot, the gang decides to murder her to ensure her silence. The Coens received some of the most lukewarm reviews of their careers in response to this film.

They directed two short films for two separate anthology films—''Paris, je t'aime'' (''Tuileries'', 2006) starring Steve Buscemi, and ''To Each His Own Cinema'' (''World Cinema'', 2007) starring Josh Brolin. Both films received highly positive reviews.

''No Country for Old Men'', released in November 2007, closely follows No Country for Old Men (novel), the 2005 novel of the same name by Cormac McCarthy. Vietnam veteran Llewelyn Moss (Josh Brolin), living near the Texas/Mexico border, stumbles upon, and decides to take, two million dollars in drug money. He must then go on the run to avoid those trying to recover the money, including Antisocial personality disorder, sociopathic killer Anton Chigurh (Javier Bardem), who confounds both Llewelyn and local sheriff Ed Tom Bell (Tommy Lee Jones). The plotline is a return to noir themes, but in some respects it was a departure for the Coens; with the exception of Stephen Root, none of the stable of regular actors appears in the film. ''No Country'' received nearly universal critical praise, garnering a 94% "Fresh" rating at Rotten Tomatoes. It won four Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Director and Best Adapted Screenplay, all of which were received by the Coens, as well as Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, Best Supporting Actor received by Bardem. The Coens, as "Roderick Jaynes", were also nominated for Academy Award for Best Film Editing, Best Editing, but lost. It was the first time since 1961 (when Jerome Robbins and Robert Wise won for ''West Side Story (1961 film), West Side Story'') that two directors received the Academy Award for Best Director at the same time.

In January 2008, Ethan Coen's play ''Almost an Evening'' premiered off-broadway at the Atlantic Theater Company Stage 2, opening to mostly enthusiastic reviews. The initial run closed on February 10, 2008, but the same production was moved to a new theatre for a commercial off-Broadway run at the Lynn Redgrave Theater, Bleecker Street Theater in New York City. Produced by The Atlantic Theater Company, it ran there from March 2008 through June 1, 2008. and Art Meets Commerce. In May 2009, the Atlantic Theater Company produced Coen's ''Offices'', as part of their mainstage season at the Linda Gross Theater.

''Burn After Reading'', a comedy starring Brad Pitt and George Clooney, was released September 12, 2008, and portrays a collision course between two gym instructors, spies and Internet dating. Released to positive reviews, it debuted at No. 1 in North America.

In 2009, the Coens directed a television commercial titled "Air Freshener" for the Reality Coalition.

They next directed ''A Serious Man'', released October 2, 2009, a "gentle but dark" period comedy (set in 1967) with a low budget. The film is based loosely on the Coens' childhoods in an academic family in the largely Jewish suburb of Saint Louis Park, Minnesota; it also drew comparisons to the ''Book of Job''. Filming took place late in the summer of 2008, in the neighborhoods of Roseville and Bloomington, Minnesota, at Normandale Community College, and at St. Olaf College. The film was nominated for the Oscars for Best Picture and Best Original Screenplay.

2010s

'' True Grit'' (2010) is based on the 1968 True Grit (novel), novel of the same name by Charles Portis. Filming was done in Texas and New Mexico. Hailee Steinfeld stars as Mattie Ross along with Jeff Bridges as Marshal Rooster Cogburn (character), Rooster Cogburn. Matt Damon and Josh Brolin also appear in the movie. ''True Grit'' was nominated for ten Academy Awards including Best Picture.

Ethan Coen wrote the one-act comedy ''Talking Cure'', which was produced on Broadway in 2011 as part of ''Relatively Speaking (2011 play), Relatively Speaking'', an anthology of three one-act plays by Coen, Elaine May, and Woody Allen.

In 2011, the Coen brothers won the $1 million Dan David Prize for their contribution to cinema and society.

''Inside Llewyn Davis'' (2013) is a treatise on the 1960s folk music scene in New York City's Greenwich Village, and very loosely based on the life of Dave Van Ronk. The film stars Oscar Isaac, Justin Timberlake, and Carey Mulligan. It won the Grand Prix (Cannes Film Festival), Grand Prix at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival, where it was highly praised by critics. They received a Golden Globe nomination for Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song, Best Original Song for "Please Mr. Kennedy", which is heard in the film.

''Fargo (TV series), Fargo'', a television series inspired by their film of the same name, premiered in April 2014 on the FX (TV channel), FX network. It is created by Noah Hawley and executive produced by the brothers.

The Coens also contributed to the screenplay for ''Unbroken'', along with Richard LaGravenese and William Nicholson (writer), William Nicholson. The film is directed by Angelina Jolie and based on Laura Hillenbrand's non-fiction book, ''Unbroken: A World War II Story of Survival, Resilience, and Redemption'' (2010) which itself was based on the life of Louis Zamperini. It was released on December 25, 2014, to average reviews.

The Coens co-wrote, with playwright Matt Charman, the screenplay for the dramatic historical thriller '' Bridge of Spies'', about the 1960 U-2 Incident. The film was directed by Steven Spielberg, and released on October 4, 2015, to critical acclaim. They were nominated for the Best Original Screenplay at the 88th Academy Awards.

The Coens directed the film ''Hail, Caesar!'', about a "Fixer (person), fixer" in 1950s Hollywood trying to discover what happened to a cast member who vanishes during filming. It stars Coen regulars George Clooney, Josh Brolin, Frances McDormand, Scarlett Johansson and Tilda Swinton, as well as Channing Tatum, Ralph Fiennes, Jonah Hill, and Alden Ehrenreich. The film was released on February 5, 2016.

In 2016, the Coens gave to their longtime friend and collaborator John Turturro the right to use his character of Jesus Quintana from ''The Big Lebowski'' in his own spin-off, ''The Jesus Rolls'', which he would also write and direct. The Coens have no involvement in the production. In August 2016, the film began principal photography.

The Coens first wrote the script for ''Suburbicon'' in 1986. The film was eventually directed by George Clooney and began filming in October 2016. It was released by Paramount Pictures in the fall of 2017.

The Coens directed ''The Ballad of Buster Scruggs'', a Western anthology starring Tim Blake Nelson, Liam Neeson, and James Franco. It began streaming on Netflix on November 16, 2018, after a brief theatrical run.

2020s

It was announced in March 2019 that Joel Coen would be directing an adaptation of ''Macbeth'' starring Denzel Washington and Frances McDormand. The film, titled '' The Tragedy of Macbeth'', was Joel's first directorial effort without his brother, who was taking a break from films to focus on theater. The film premiered at the 2021 New York Film Festival. The 2022 Cannes Film Festival had a special screening of '' Jerry Lee Lewis: Trouble in Mind'', an archival documentary film directed solely by Ethan Coen and edited by his wife Tricia Cooke. In 2022, it was announced that Ethan Coen would be directing ''Drive-Away Dolls'' for Focus Features and Working Title from a script he co-wrote with Cooke. It would be Ethan's first narrative film without his brother. The film was released in February 2024.

Planned and uncompleted projects

Production company

The Coen brothers' own film production company, Mike Zoss Productions located in New York City, has been credited on their films from ''O Brother, Where Art Thou?'' onwards. It was named after Mike Zoss Drug, an independent pharmacy in St. Louis Park since 1950 that was the brothers' beloved hangout when they were growing up in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul, Twin Cities. The name was also used for the Pharmacy (shop), pharmacy in ''No Country for Old Men''. The Mike Zoss logo consists of a crayon drawing of a horse, standing in a field of grass with its head turned around as it looks back over its hindquarters.

Directing distinctions

Up to 2003, Joel received sole credit for directing and Ethan for producing, due to Directors Guild of America, guild rules that disallowed multiple director credits to prevent dilution of the position's significance. The only Catch-22 (logic), exception to this rule is if the co-directors are an "established duo". Since 2004 they have been able to share the director credit and the Coen brothers have become only the third duo to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Director.

With four Academy Award nominations for ''No Country for Old Men'' for the duo (Best Picture, Best Director, Best Adapted Screenplay, and Academy Award for Best Film Editing, Best Film Editing as Roderick Jaynes), the Coen brothers matched the record for the most nominations by a single nominee (counting an "established duo" as one nominee) for the same film. Orson Welles set the record in 1941 with ''Citizen Kane'' being nominated for Best Picture (though at the time, individual producers were not named as nominees), Best Director, Academy Award for Best Actor, Best Actor, and Best Original Screenplay. Warren Beatty received the same nominations, first for ''Heaven Can Wait (1978 film), Heaven Can Wait'' in 1978 and again in 1981 with ''Reds (film), Reds''. Alan Menken also then achieved the same feat when he was nominated for Academy Award for Best Original Score, Best Score and triple-nominated for Academy Award for Best Original Song, Best Song for ''Beauty and the Beast (1991 film), Beauty and the Beast'' in 1991. More recently Chloé Zhao matched this record in 2021 when she was nominated for Best Picture, Best Director, Best Adapted Screenplay, and Best Film Editing for ''Nomadland (film), Nomadland'' (which also starred McDormand in her third Oscar-winning role). In 2025, Sean Baker matched this record at the 97th Academy Awards with his nominations for Best Picture, Best Director, Best Original Screenplay, and Academy Award for Best Film Editing, Best Film Editing, winning all four to become the first person to win List of people who have won multiple Academy Awards in a single year, four Oscars in the same year since Walt Disney in 1953, and the first person to win four Oscars in the same night for the same film.

Personal lives

Joel has been married to actress Frances McDormand since 1984. In 1995, they adopted a son from Paraguay when he was six months old. McDormand has acted in a number of Coen Brothers films: ''Blood Simple'', ''Raising Arizona'', ''Miller's Crossing'', ''Barton Fink'', '' Fargo'', ''The Man Who Wasn't There (2001 film), The Man Who Wasn't There'', ''Burn After Reading'', ''Hail, Caesar!'', and ''The Tragedy of Macbeth''. For her performance in ''Fargo'', she won the Academy Award for Best Actress.

Ethan married film editor Tricia Cooke in 1993. They have two children: a daughter and a son. The two describe their relationship as "nontraditional"; Cooke is both queer and a lesbian and Ethan is straight, and the two have polyamory, separate partners. They co-wrote the film ''Drive-Away Dolls'', which Ethan directed and Tricia edited. Ethan published ''Gates of Eden (novel), Gates of Eden'', a collection of short stories, in 1998. The same year, he co-wrote the comedy ''The Naked Man (1998 film), The Naked Man'', directed by their storyboard artist J. Todd Anderson.

Ethan Coen and family live in New York, while Joel Coen and Frances McDormand live in Marin County, California.

Filmography

Collaborators

Accolades

Directed Academy Award performances

Under the Coen brothers' direction, these actors have received Academy Awards, Academy Award nominations (and wins) for their performances in their respective roles.

Notes

References

Bibliography

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Further reading

* (Includes all films up to ''The Ladykillers'' and some subsidiary works [''Crimewave'', ''Down from the Mountain'', ''Bad Santa''].)

External links

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*

Coenesque: The Films of the Coen Brothers
* , no catalog records, an
Jaynes at WorldCat
(joint pseudonym)

Ethan Coen
at LC Authorities, with 38 records, an
Ethan at WorldCat


Joel Coen
at LC Authorities, with 31 records, an
Joel at WorldCat

{{DEFAULTSORT:Coen
Living people
20th-century American Jews
20th-century American male writers
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21st-century American Jews
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American male screenwriters
Best Adapted Screenplay Academy Award winners
Best Directing Academy Award winners
Best Director BAFTA Award winners
Best Original Screenplay Academy Award winners
Best Screenplay Golden Globe winners
Brother duos
American comedy film directors
Directors Guild of America Award winners
Film directors from Minnesota
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Filmmaking duos
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