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Robert Jackson Alexander (November 26, 1918 – April 27, 2010) was an American political activist, writer, and academic who spent most of his professional career at
Rutgers University Rutgers University ( ), officially Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, is a Public university, public land-grant research university consisting of three campuses in New Jersey. Chartered in 1766, Rutgers was originally called Queen's C ...
. He is best remembered for his pioneering studies on the
trade union A trade union (British English) or labor union (American English), often simply referred to as a union, is an organization of workers whose purpose is to maintain or improve the conditions of their employment, such as attaining better wages ...
movement in
Latin America Latin America is the cultural region of the Americas where Romance languages are predominantly spoken, primarily Spanish language, Spanish and Portuguese language, Portuguese. Latin America is defined according to cultural identity, not geogr ...
and dissident
communist Communism () is a sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology within the socialist movement, whose goal is the creation of a communist society, a socioeconomic order centered on common ownership of the means of production, di ...
political parties, including ground-breaking monographs on the International Communist Right Opposition,
Maoism Maoism, officially Mao Zedong Thought, is a variety of Marxism–Leninism that Mao Zedong developed while trying to realize a socialist revolution in the agricultural, pre-industrial society of the Republic of China (1912–1949), Republic o ...
, and the international
Trotskyist Trotskyism (, ) is the political ideology and branch of Marxism developed by Russian revolutionary and intellectual Leon Trotsky along with some other members of the Left Opposition and the Fourth International. Trotsky described himself as an ...
movement.


Biography


Early years

Robert J. Alexander was born in
Canton, Ohio Canton () is a city in Stark County, Ohio, United States, and its county seat. It is the List of cities in Ohio, eighth-most populous city in Ohio, with a population of 70,872 at the 2020 United States census, 2020 census. The Canton–Massillo ...
on November 26, 1918. His family moved to
Leonia, New Jersey Leonia is a Borough (New Jersey), borough in Bergen County, New Jersey, Bergen County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the borough's population was 9,304, an increase of 367 (+4.1%) from the 2010 United Sta ...
in 1922, when his father, Ralph S. Alexander accepted a teaching position at
Columbia University Columbia University in the City of New York, commonly referred to as Columbia University, is a Private university, private Ivy League research university in New York City. Established in 1754 as King's College on the grounds of Trinity Churc ...
. Alexander graduated from the public high school in 1936 and matriculated at Columbia, receiving a B.A. in 1940 and a
Master of Arts A Master of Arts ( or ''Artium Magister''; abbreviated MA or AM) is the holder of a master's degree awarded by universities in many countries. The degree is usually contrasted with that of Master of Science. Those admitted to the degree have ...
degree the following year. In 1936 Alexander took a senior trip to Spain, which sparked a lifelong interest in Hispanic cultures. Alexander was drafted in April 1942 into the
United States Army Air Corps The United States Army Air Corps (USAAC) was the aerial warfare service component of the United States Army between 1926 and 1941. After World War I, as early aviation became an increasingly important part of modern warfare, a philosophical ri ...
. He spent 25 months stationed in
Great Britain Great Britain is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north-west coast of continental Europe, consisting of the countries England, Scotland, and Wales. With an area of , it is the largest of the British Isles, the List of European ...
, during which time he spent his off hours speaking to a number of British trade unionists, taking extensive notes of his conversations. These discussions helped Alexander to refine an interview style of research which would later become a hallmark of his academic work. After demobilization he began work for the State Department. While there, he received a grant from the Office of International Exchange of Persons of the State Department to work on his Ph.D. dissertation on labor relations in
Chile Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in western South America. It is the southernmost country in the world and the closest to Antarctica, stretching along a narrow strip of land between the Andes, Andes Mountains and the Paci ...
, where he conducted hundreds of interviews in virtually all the major factories of the country. He received his Ph.D. from Columbia in 1950. Alexander was married to Joan O. Powell in 1949. The couple had two children.


Political career

Alexander was active in the
socialist Socialism is an economic ideology, economic and political philosophy encompassing diverse Economic system, economic and social systems characterised by social ownership of the means of production, as opposed to private ownership. It describes ...
and
trade union A trade union (British English) or labor union (American English), often simply referred to as a union, is an organization of workers whose purpose is to maintain or improve the conditions of their employment, such as attaining better wages ...
movements. In 1934, politicized by the
Great Depression The Great Depression was a severe global economic downturn from 1929 to 1939. The period was characterized by high rates of unemployment and poverty, drastic reductions in industrial production and international trade, and widespread bank and ...
, Alexander joined the Young People's Socialist League, the youth section of the
Socialist Party of America The Socialist Party of America (SPA) was a socialist political party in the United States formed in 1901 by a merger between the three-year-old Social Democratic Party of America and disaffected elements of the Socialist Labor Party of America ...
. He continued organizing activities for YPSL while at Columbia and remained an active member of its parent group, the Socialist Party of America, serving as a member of its executive council 1957 to 1966. When the Socialist Party changed its name in December 1972 to
Social Democrats, USA Social Democrats, USA (SDUSA) is a social democratic organization in the United States. SDUSA formed in 1972 as the successor to the Socialist Party of America (SPA), which splintered into three: SDUSA; the Democratic Socialist Organizing C ...
(SDUSA), he maintained his membership until 1980; according to Perrone's biographical sketch, Alexander thought that SDUSA had become "too conservative". It was as a leader of the New Jersey YPSLs that he first met
Jay Lovestone Jay Lovestone (15 December 1897 – 7 March 1990) was an American activist. He was at various times a member of the Socialist Party of America, a leader of the Communist Party USA, leader of a small oppositionist party, an anti-Communist and Cen ...
, then head of the Communist Party, Opposition. Alexander would later go on six missions to Latin America for Lovestone, first under the auspices of the Free Trade Union Committee, then under the direction of the AFL-CIO International Department. Alexander was a member of the board of directors of the Rand School of Social Science from 1952 until its closure in 1956. He served on the League for Industrial Democracy's National Council and was an active member of
Americans for Democratic Action Americans for Democratic Action (ADA) is a liberal American political organization advocating progressive policies. ADA views itself as supporting social and economic justice through lobbying, grassroots organizing, research, and supporting p ...
and a delegate to several of its national conventions. During the 1950s, Alexander served as a consultant for the
American Federation of Labor The American Federation of Labor (A.F. of L.) was a national federation of labor unions in the United States that continues today as the AFL-CIO. It was founded in Columbus, Ohio, in 1886 by an alliance of craft unions eager to provide mutual ...
and
AFL-CIO The American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO) is a national trade union center that is the largest federation of unions in the United States. It is made up of 61 national and international unions, together r ...
on the organized labor movement in Latin American and the Caribbean. In 1961, he was named by president-elect
John F. Kennedy John Fitzgerald Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), also known as JFK, was the 35th president of the United States, serving from 1961 until his assassination in 1963. He was the first Roman Catholic and youngest person elected p ...
to the Task Force on Latin America, which recommended the establishment of the
Alliance for Progress The Alliance for Progress () was an initiative launched by U.S. President John F. Kennedy on March 13, 1961, that aimed to establish economic cooperation between the U.S. and Latin America. Governor Luis Muñoz Marín of Puerto Rico was a close ...
. Alexander was also a lifelong member of the
Council on Foreign Relations The Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) is an American think tank focused on Foreign policy of the United States, U.S. foreign policy and international relations. Founded in 1921, it is an independent and nonpartisan 501(c)(3) nonprofit organi ...
.


Academic career

Alexander became an instructor at Rutgers while still in Chile in the late 1940s. He was promoted to assistant professor in 1950, associate professor in 1956, and full professor in 1961. Although Alexander was a member of the
Economics Economics () is a behavioral science that studies the Production (economics), production, distribution (economics), distribution, and Consumption (economics), consumption of goods and services. Economics focuses on the behaviour and interac ...
department at Rutgers, he was an interdisciplinary scholar, working extensively in the fields of
political science Political science is the scientific study of politics. It is a social science dealing with systems of governance and Power (social and political), power, and the analysis of political activities, political philosophy, political thought, polit ...
and
history History is the systematic study of the past, focusing primarily on the Human history, human past. As an academic discipline, it analyses and interprets evidence to construct narratives about what happened and explain why it happened. Some t ...
. Alexander was regarded as a champion of the principle of
academic freedom Academic freedom is the right of a teacher to instruct and the right of a student to learn in an academic setting unhampered by outside interference. It may also include the right of academics to engage in social and political criticism. Academic ...
and was a founder of the faculty union at Rutgers. In 1963 Alexander achieved his "highest honor", the
Order of the Condor of the Andes The Order of the Condor of the Andes () is a state decoration of the Plurinational State of Bolivia instituted on 12 April 1925. The Order is awarded for exceptional merit, either civil or military, shown by Bolivians or foreign nationals. The ...
from the Bolivian government. Alexander was a founding member of the Middle Atlantic Council of Latin American Studies (MACLAS), and served as the group's president from 1987 to 1988. During his career, Alexander wrote and published extensively on Latin American politics and trade union movements, as well as surveys on dissident radical movements such as the
Right Opposition The Right Opposition () or Right Tendency () in the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) was a label formulated by Joseph Stalin in Autumn of 1928 for the opposition against certain measures included within the first five-year plan, an oppos ...
,
Trotskyism Trotskyism (, ) is the political ideology and branch of Marxism developed by Russian revolutionary and intellectual Leon Trotsky along with some other members of the Left Opposition and the Fourth International. Trotsky described himself as an ...
, and
Maoism Maoism, officially Mao Zedong Thought, is a variety of Marxism–Leninism that Mao Zedong developed while trying to realize a socialist revolution in the agricultural, pre-industrial society of the Republic of China (1912–1949), Republic o ...
. Alexander retired from Rutgers in 1989.


Death and legacy

Robert J. Alexander died April 27, 2010. He was 91 years old at the time of his death. Alexander's voluminous papers are housed by the Special Collections and University Archives section of
Rutgers University Rutgers University ( ), officially Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, is a Public university, public land-grant research university consisting of three campuses in New Jersey. Chartered in 1766, Rutgers was originally called Queen's C ...
, located in
New Brunswick, New Jersey New Brunswick is a city (New Jersey), city in and the county seat of Middlesex County, New Jersey, Middlesex County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey.''Labor Parties of Latin America.''
New York:
League for Industrial Democracy The League for Industrial Democracy (LID) was founded as a successor to the Intercollegiate Socialist Society in 1921. Members decided to change its name to reflect a more inclusive and more organizational perspective. Background Intercollegiate ...
, 1942.
''What Do You Know about British Labor?''
New York: Rand School Press, 1942.
''Labour Movements in Latin America.''
London: Fabian Publications, 1947.
''Perón Unmasked: The Martyrdom of the Free Trade Union Movement in Argentina.''
Washington, D.C., Educational and Publicity Department, Inter-American Regional Organization-ICFTU, 1950. * ''The Peron Era.'' New York,
Columbia University Press Columbia University Press is a university press based in New York City New York, often called New York City (NYC), is the most populous city in the United States, located at the southern tip of New York State on one of the world's la ...
1951.
''World Labor Today: Highlights of Trade Unions on Six Continents, 1945-1952.''
New York: League for Industrial Democracy, 1952. * ''Communism in Latin America.'' New Brunswick, NJ:
Rutgers University Press Rutgers University Press (RUP) is a nonprofit academic publishing house, operating in New Brunswick, New Jersey under the auspices of Rutgers University Rutgers University ( ), officially Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, is a Pub ...
, 1957. * ''The Bolivian National Revolution'' New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1958. * ''Two Revolutions.''
Caracas Caracas ( , ), officially Santiago de León de Caracas (CCS), is the capital and largest city of Venezuela, and the center of the Metropolitan Region of Caracas (or Greater Caracas). Caracas is located along the Guaire River in the northern p ...
: Imprenta Naciónal, 1960. * ''The Struggle for Democracy in Latin America.'' New York: Macmillan, 1961. * ''Labor Relations in Argentina, Brazil, and Chile.'' New York:
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, 1962. * ''A Primer of Economic Development.'' New York: Macmillan, 1962. * ''Today's Latin America.'' Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday, 1962. * ''American Finance Capitalism: A Discussion.''
Calcutta Kolkata, also known as Calcutta (List of renamed places in India#West Bengal, its official name until 2001), is the capital and largest city of the Indian States and union territories of India, state of West Bengal. It lies on the eastern ba ...
: Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay, 1963. * ''The Venezuelan Democratic Revolution: A Profile of the Regime of
Rómulo Betancourt Rómulo Ernesto Betancourt Bello (22 February 1908 – 28 September 1981; ), known as "The Father of Venezuelan Democracy", was a Venezuelan politician who served as the president of Venezuela, from and again from Second presidency of Rómulo ...
.'' New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1964. * ''Latin America: An Introduction to the History, Geography, Cultures and Political and Economic Problems of the 20 Latin American Republics.'' New York: Scholastic Book Services, 1964. * ''Latin-American Politics and Government.'' New York:
Harper & Row Harper is an American publishing house, the flagship imprint of global publisher HarperCollins, based in New York City. Founded in New York in 1817 by James Harper and his brother John, the company operated as J. & J. Harper until 1833, when ...
, 1965. * ''Organized Labor in Latin America.'' New York: Free Press, 1965. * ''An Introduction to Argentina.'' New York: Praeger, 1969. * ''The Communist Party of Venezuela.''
Stanford, California Stanford is a census-designated place (CDP) in the northwest corner of Santa Clara County, California, United States. It is the home of Stanford University, after which it was named. The CDP's population was 21,150 at the United States Census, ...
: Hoover Institution Press, 1969. * ''Trotskyism in Latin America.'' Stanford, California: Hoover Institution Press, 1973. * ''Latin American Political Parties.'' New York: Praeger, 1973. * ''Aprismo: The Ideas and Doctrines of Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre.''
Kent, Ohio Kent is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the largest city in Portage County, Ohio, Portage County. It is located along the Cuyahoga River in Northeast Ohio on the western edge of the county. The population was 28,215 at the 2020 United States ...
:
Kent State University Kent State University (KSU) is a Public university, public research university in Kent, Ohio, United States. The university includes seven regional campuses in Northeast Ohio located in Kent State University at Ashtabula, Ashtabula, Kent State ...
Press, 1973. * ''A History of the Economics Department of Rutgers College.'' New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers College Economics Dept., 1974. * ''Agrarian Reform in Latin America.'' New York: Macmillan, 1974. * ''Four Alexander Families of Wayne County, Ohio.'' New Brunswick, NJ: Mega-Ton Publishers, 1975. * ''Report of Commission of Enquiry into Human Rights in Paraguay of the International League for Human Rights.'' With Ben Stephansky. New York:
International League for Human Rights The International League for Human Rights (ILHR) is a human rights organization with headquarters in New York City. Claiming to be the oldest human rights organization in the United States, the ILHR defines its mission as "defending human righ ...
, 1976. * ''A New Development Strategy.'' Maryknoll, NY:
Orbis Books Orbis Books is an American imprint of the Maryknoll order. It has been a small but influential publisher of liberation theology works. It was founded by Nicaraguan Maryknoll priest Miguel D'Escoto with Philip J. Scharper in 1970. Its editor- ...
, 1976. * ''Arturo Alessandri: A Biography.''
Ann Arbor Ann Arbor is a city in Washtenaw County, Michigan, United States, and its county seat. The 2020 United States census, 2020 census recorded its population to be 123,851, making it the List of municipalities in Michigan, fifth-most populous cit ...
: University Microfilms International, 1977. * ''The Tragedy of Chile.''
Westport, CT Westport is a town in Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States. Located in the Gold Coast along the Long Island Sound, it is northeast of New York City and is part of the Western Connecticut Planning Region. Westport's public school syst ...
:
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, 1978. * '' Juan Domingo Peron: A History.'' Boulder, CO:
Westview Press Westview Press was an American publishing company headquartered in Boulder, Colorado founded in 1975. Field of work Westview primarily publishes textbooks. History Westview Press was founded by Frederick A. Praeger in 1975. Praeger sold ...
, 1979. * ''The Right Opposition: The Lovestoneites and the International Communist Opposition of the 1930s.'' Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1981. * ''Bolivia: past, present, and future of its politics'' New York, Praeger; Stanford, Calif: Hoover Institution Press, 1982. * ''Rómulo Betancourt and the Transformation of Venezuela.'' New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1982. * ''Political Parties of the Americas: Canada, Latin America, and the West Indies.'' (General Editor.) Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1982. * ''Biographical Dictionary of Latin American and Caribbean Political Leaders'' (General Editor.) New York: Greenwood Press, 1988. * ''Venezuela's Voice for Democracy: Conversations and Correspondence with Rómulo Betancourt.'' New York: Praeger, 1990. * ''International Trotskyism 1929–1985: A Documented Analysis of the Movement.'' Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1991. * ''
Juscelino Kubitschek Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira (; 12 September 1902 – 22 August 1976), also known by his initials JK, was a Brazilian politician who served as the 21st president of Brazil from 1956 to 1961. Kubitschek's government plan, dubbed "50 years i ...
and the Development of Brazil.''
Athens, Ohio Athens is a city in Athens County, Ohio, United States, and its county seat. The population was 23,849 at the 2020 United States census. Located along the Hocking River within Appalachian Ohio about southeast of Columbus, Ohio, Columbus, Athe ...
: Ohio University Center for International Studies, 1991. * ''The ABC Presidents: Conversations and Correspondence with the Presidents of Argentina, Brazil, and Chile'' Westport, CT: Praeger, 1992. * ''The Bolivarian Presidents: Conversations and Correspondence with Presidents of Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, and Venezuela.'' Westport, CT: Praeger, 1994. * ''Presidents of Central America, Mexico, Cuba, and Hispaniola: Conversations and Correspondence'' Westport, CT: Praeger, 1995. * ''Presidents, Prime Ministers, and Governors of the English-Speaking Caribbean and Puerto Rico: Conversations and Correspondence.'' Westport, CT: Praeger, 1997. * ''The Anarchists in the Spanish Civil War.'' Westport, CT: Praeger, 1999. * ''International Maoism in the Developing World.'' Westport, CT: Praeger, 1999. * ''International Maoism in the Developed World.'' Westport, CT: Praeger, 2001
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* ''Haya de la Torre, Man of the Millennium: His Life, Ideas and Continuing Relevance ''
Lima, Peru Lima ( ; ), founded in 1535 as the Ciudad de los Reyes (, Spanish for "City of Biblical Magi, Kings"), is the capital and largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón River, Chillón, Rímac River, Rímac and Lurín Rive ...
: Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre Institute, 2001. * ''A History of Organized Labor in Cuba.'' Westport, Conn., Praeger, 2002. * ''A History of Organized Labor in Brazil.'' With Eldon Parker. Westport, CT: Westport, Conn., Praeger, 2003. * ''A History of Organized Labor in Argentina.'' Westport, Conn., Praeger, 2003. * ''A History of Organized Labor in English-speaking West Indies.'' With Eldon Parker. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2004. * ''A History of Organized Labor in Uruguay and Paraguay.'' With Eldon Parker. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2005. * ''A History of Organized Labor in Bolivia.'' With Eldon Parker. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2005. * ''A History of Organized Labor in Peru and Ecuador.'' With Eldon Parker. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2007. * ''A History of Organized Labor in Panama and Central America.'' With Eldon Parker. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2008. * ''International Labor Organizations and Organized Labor in Latin America and the Caribbean: A History.'' With Eldon Parker. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger/ ABC-CLIO, 2009.


Further reading

* Victor G. Devinatz, "Robert J. Alexander's U.S. Left-Wing Interview Collection and Archaeology of Dissident Communism," ''Working USA: The Journal of Labor and Society,'' vol. 15 (June 2012), pp. 153–175. {{DEFAULTSORT:Alexander, Robert Jackson 1918 births 2010 deaths Activists from Ohio United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II American social democrats American socialists Columbia College (New York) alumni Historians of communism Latin Americanists Members of Social Democrats USA New Jersey socialists Ohio socialists Rutgers University faculty Socialist Party of America politicians from New Jersey United States Army Air Forces soldiers Writers from Canton, Ohio Writers from Leonia, New Jersey