Robert Bennet Forbes (September 18, 1804 – November 23, 1889), was an American
sea captain
A sea captain, ship's captain, captain, master, or shipmaster, is a high-grade licensed mariner who holds ultimate command and responsibility of a merchant vessel. The captain is responsible for the safe and efficient operation of the ship, inc ...
, China merchant and ship owner.
[ He was active in ship construction, ]maritime safety
Maritime safety as part of and overlapping with water safety is concerned with the protection of life ( search and rescue) and property
Property is a system of rights that gives people legal control of valuable things, and also refers to th ...
, the opium
Opium (also known as poppy tears, or Lachryma papaveris) is the dried latex obtained from the seed Capsule (fruit), capsules of the opium poppy ''Papaver somniferum''. Approximately 12 percent of opium is made up of the analgesic alkaloid mor ...
trade, and charitable activities, including food aid to Ireland, which became known as America's first major disaster relief effort.
Early life
He was born in 1804 in Jamaica Plain, Boston, Massachusetts
Massachusetts ( ; ), officially the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, is a U.S. state, state in the New England region of the Northeastern United States. It borders the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Maine to its east, Connecticut and Rhode ...
, to Ralph Bennet Forbes and Margaret Perkins, sister of the trader in slaves
Slavery is the ownership of a person as property, especially in regards to their labour. Slavery typically involves compulsory work, with the slave's location of work and residence dictated by the party that holds them in bondage. Enslavemen ...
and China opium
Opium (also known as poppy tears, or Lachryma papaveris) is the dried latex obtained from the seed Capsule (fruit), capsules of the opium poppy ''Papaver somniferum''. Approximately 12 percent of opium is made up of the analgesic alkaloid mor ...
, Thomas Perkins. His brothers were Thomas Tunno Forbes and John Murray Forbes
John Murray Forbes (February 23, 1813 – October 12, 1898) was an American railroad magnate, merchant, History of opium in China#Growth of the opium trade, opium merchant, philanthropist and Abolitionism in the United States, abolitionist. ...
.[
On October 19, 1817, at age 13, he joined the crew on his uncle Thomas' ''Canton Packet'' and made his first voyage to China, the first of the three brothers to do so.] He arrived in Canton, China in March 1818 via the eastern route. He returned to Boston
Boston is the capital and most populous city in the Commonwealth (U.S. state), Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. The city serves as the cultural and Financial centre, financial center of New England, a region of the Northeas ...
three months later.[
In 1819, he made a second voyage aboard ''Canton Packet''. On this voyage, he was promoted to third mate. He became second mate in 1821.][
]
Ships' command and Far East trade
Aboard ''Nile'' he sailed for Manila
Manila, officially the City of Manila, is the Capital of the Philippines, capital and second-most populous city of the Philippines after Quezon City, with a population of 1,846,513 people in 2020. Located on the eastern shore of Manila Bay on ...
. He had been ship's master of ''Levant''. He became a full captain in 1825.[ From Manila ''Nile'' went to China, then to ]California
California () is a U.S. state, state in the Western United States that lies on the West Coast of the United States, Pacific Coast. It borders Oregon to the north, Nevada and Arizona to the east, and shares Mexico–United States border, an ...
, and from there to Buenos Aires
Buenos Aires, controlled by the government of the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, is the Capital city, capital and largest city of Argentina. It is located on the southwest of the Río de la Plata. Buenos Aires is classified as an Alpha− glob ...
.
In 1828, he sailed ''Danube'' for Sturgis & Perkins on a trading voyage to Smyrna
Smyrna ( ; , or ) was an Ancient Greece, Ancient Greek city located at a strategic point on the Aegean Sea, Aegean coast of Anatolia, Turkey. Due to its advantageous port conditions, its ease of defence, and its good inland connections, Smyrna ...
, Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire (), also called the Turkish Empire, was an empire, imperial realm that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Centr ...
and other European ports. He later was captain of .[
When Russell & Company were merged with his uncle's Turkish opium trading firm in 1830, Forbes was placed in command of their opium storehouse vessel ''Lintin'' which was moored permanently at the Pearl River estuary island after which it was named. His work in supervising the repacking of the opium and negotiating trades with drug smugglers made him his first fortune.] From his ample means, he made generous provision for his mother and younger brother. He visited China several times and became the American vice-consul at Canton.[
]
In 1834, he married Rose Greene Smith and they had three children: Robert Bennet Forbes (1837-1891), Edith Forbes who married Charles Eliot Perkins, and James Murray Forbes (1845-1885).[
In 1841, he witnessed the Battle of Kowloon between the ]Qing Dynasty
The Qing dynasty ( ), officially the Great Qing, was a Manchu-led Dynasties of China, imperial dynasty of China and an early modern empire in East Asia. The last imperial dynasty in Chinese history, the Qing dynasty was preceded by the ...
and the British Empire
The British Empire comprised the dominions, Crown colony, colonies, protectorates, League of Nations mandate, mandates, and other Dependent territory, territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states. It bega ...
from aboard his rowboat.
He died on November 23, 1889, aged 85, in Milton, Massachusetts
Milton is a town in Norfolk County, Massachusetts, United States. Milton is an immediate southern suburb of Boston, Massachusetts. The population was 28,630 at the 2020 United States census, 2020 census.
Milton is located in the relatively hilly ...
.
Ships
Forbes owned or was involved in the construction of approximately seventy vessels.
His first ship was ''Lintin'', a 390-ton bark built by Sprague and James in Medford, Massachusetts, in 1830. Forbes owned ''Lintin'' from 1830–1832, after which time she sailed in Chinese waters.[
] Forbes also owned , which took the first cargo of ice to China. "During the Civil War he was employed as a volunteer by the government to inspect the building of nine gunboats and at the same time built for himself and others the ''Meteor'', of 1500 tons."
The ''Sylph'', yacht and pilot-boat, built in Boston in 1834 by Whitmore & Holbrook. was owned by Forbes. Her construction was overseen by Forbes.[
]
Forbes rig
The Forbes rig was also well received on ''Mermaid'', as this 1852 excerpt from the "Boston Atlas" transcribed by Bruzelius shows:
The Forbes rig was publicly rejected, however, by the captain of in 1855, in favor of the Howe rig.
Legacy
He built a Greek Revival
Greek Revival architecture is a architectural style, style that began in the middle of the 18th century but which particularly flourished in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, predominantly in northern Europe, the United States, and Canada, ...
mansion for his mother in Milton, Massachusetts
Milton is a town in Norfolk County, Massachusetts, United States. Milton is an immediate southern suburb of Boston, Massachusetts. The population was 28,630 at the 2020 United States census, 2020 census.
Milton is located in the relatively hilly ...
, designed by Isaiah Rogers (1833), that is now the Captain Robert Bennet Forbes House
The Captain Robert Bennet Forbes House, also known as the R. B. Forbes House and Forbes House Museum (and formerly as the American China Trade Museum), is a house museum located at 215 Adams Street, Milton, Massachusetts. It is now a National H ...
Museum.
Forbes was awarded the medal of the Liverpool Shipwreck and Humane Society in 1849 for gallant conduct. The Cunard steamship Europa'', on which Forbes was a passenger, ran down and sank an emigrant ship, ''Charles Bartlett''. Forbes jumped from the bulwarks of the ''Europa'' into the water and rescued first a woman and child, and then a man.
In 1852, he was one of the founders and first president of the Sailors' Snug Harbor of Boston, a retirement home for "decrepit, infirm or aged sailors".
In private writings, while noting that the flooding of China with opium was "demoralizing" millions of workers and "draining the country of money," he noted that he made his "fortune" by selling the drug. He wrote that he had "no moral feeling of indignation connected with the business" despite his awareness of the human costs and the Chinese government's aims to make opium illegal, turning Forbes and his fellows into smugglers. The opium trade led by western powers sparked several wars, led to the downfall of one Chinese dynasty and directly killed untold thousands of addicts.
Writings
Forbes' writings, most of them pamphlets, include:
*
*
*
*On the Establishment of a Line of Mail Steamers ... to China (1855)
*Remarks on Ocean Steam Navigation (1855)
*The Forbes Rig (1862)
*Means for Making the Highways of the Ocean more Safe (1867)
*Remarks on Magnetism
Magnetism is the class of physical attributes that occur through a magnetic field, which allows objects to attract or repel each other. Because both electric currents and magnetic moments of elementary particles give rise to a magnetic field, ...
and Local Attraction (1875)
*
*The Lifeboat and other Life-saving Inventions (1880)
*New Rig for Steamers (1883)
*Notes on Navigation (1884)
*Loss of Life and Property in the Fisheries (1884)
*
References
External links
*
*
Website of the Captain Forbes House Museum
1855
ship '' N.B. Palmer'', New York, 1855
{{DEFAULTSORT:Forbes, Robert Bennet
1804 births
1889 deaths
Robert Bennet Forbes
Writers from Boston
Businesspeople from Boston
American expatriates in China
Sea captains
19th-century American merchants
19th-century American diplomats
People from Jamaica Plain