A junction is where two or more
road
A road is a thoroughfare used primarily for movement of traffic. Roads differ from streets, whose primary use is local access. They also differ from stroads, which combine the features of streets and roads. Most modern roads are paved.
Th ...
s meet.
History
Roads are a means of transport, historically linking locations such as
town
A town is a type of a human settlement, generally larger than a village but smaller than a city.
The criteria for distinguishing a town vary globally, often depending on factors such as population size, economic character, administrative stat ...
s,
forts
A fortification (also called a fort, fortress, fastness, or stronghold) is a military construction designed for the defense of territories in warfare, and is used to establish rule in a region during peacetime. The term is derived from ...
and geographic features such as river
fords. Where roads met outside of an existing settlement, these junctions often led to a new settlement.
Scotch Corner is an example of such a location.
In the United Kingdom and other countries, the practice of giving names to junctions emerged, to help travellers find their way. Junctions often took the name of a prominent nearby business or a point of interest.
As road networks and
traffic flow
In transportation engineering, traffic flow is the study of interactions between travellers (including pedestrians, cyclists, drivers, and their vehicles) and infrastructure (including highways, signage, and traffic control devices), with the ai ...
s increased in density, managing the flow of traffic through junctions became of increasing importance, to minimize delays and improve safety. The first innovation was to add
traffic control devices, such as
stop sign
A stop sign is a traffic sign designed to notify drivers that they must come to a complete stop and make sure the intersection (road), intersection (or level crossing, railroad crossing) is safely clear of vehicles and pedestrians before contin ...
s and
traffic light
Traffic lights, traffic signals, or stoplights – also known as robots in South Africa, Zambia, and Namibia – are signaling devices positioned at intersection (road), road intersections, pedestrian crossings, and other locations in order t ...
s that regulated traffic flow. Next came lane controls that limited what each lane of traffic was allowed to do while crossing. Turns across oncoming traffic might be prohibited, or allowed only when oncoming and crossing traffic was stopped.
This was followed by specialized junction designs that incorporated information about traffic volumes, speeds, driver intent and many other factors.
Types
The most basic distinction among junction types is whether or not the roads cross at the same or different
elevation
The elevation of a geographic location (geography), ''location'' is its height above or below a fixed reference point, most commonly a reference geoid, a mathematical model of the Earth's sea level as an equipotential gravitational equipotenti ...
s. More expensive, grade-separated ''interchanges'' generally offer higher throughput at higher cost. Single-grade ''intersections'' are lower cost and lower throughput. Each main type comes in many variants.
Interchange
At
interchanges, roads pass above or below each other, using
grade separation and
slip road
In the field of road transport, an interchange (American English) or a grade-separated junction (British English) is a road junction that uses grade separations to allow for the movement of traffic between two or more roadways or highways, usi ...
s. The terms ''motorway junction'' and ''highway interchange'' typically refer to this layout. They can be further subdivided into those with and without signal controls.
Signalized (
traffic-light controlled) interchanges include "diamond" designs such as the
regular diamond,
diverging diamond,
three-level diamond, and
tight diamond. Others include the
contraflow left,
single-point urban, and
partial cloverleaf interchanges.
[
Non-signalized designs include both free-flow interchanges and non-free-flow ones. Free-flow variants include the cloverleaf, stack, double crossover merging,] and windmill. Non-free-flow variants include the dogbone (featuring two raindrop roundabouts), dumbbell (featuring two standard roundabout
A roundabout, a rotary and a traffic circle are types of circular intersection or junction in which road traffic is permitted to flow in one direction around a central island, and priority is typically given to traffic already in the junct ...
s), and roundabout interchange (featuring one large roundabout
A roundabout, a rotary and a traffic circle are types of circular intersection or junction in which road traffic is permitted to flow in one direction around a central island, and priority is typically given to traffic already in the junct ...
).[
(literally "autobahn cross"), short form , and abbreviated as AK, is a four-way interchange on the German ]autobahn
The (; German , ) is the federal controlled-access highway system in Germany. The official term is (abbreviated ''BAB''), which translates as 'federal motorway'. The literal meaning of the word is 'Federal Auto(mobile) Track'.
Much of t ...
network. (literally "autobahn triangle"), short form , and abbreviated as AD, is a three-way interchange on the German autobahn network.
Intersection
At intersections, roads cross at-grade. They also can be further subdivided into those with and without signal controls.
Signalized designs include the advanced stop line, bowtie, box junction, continuous-flow, double-wide, hook turn, jughandle, Michigan left (median U-turn), paired, quadrant, seagull (continuous green T), slip lane, split, staggered, superstreet, and Texas T.
Non-signalized designs include the Maryland T/J, roundabout
A roundabout, a rotary and a traffic circle are types of circular intersection or junction in which road traffic is permitted to flow in one direction around a central island, and priority is typically given to traffic already in the junct ...
, and traffic circle, as well as the Texas U-turn (a type of turnaround) and unsignalized variations on the continuous-flow (3-leg and 4-leg), median U-turn, and superstreet.[
]
Safety
In the EU, it is estimated that around 5,000 of the 26,100 car crash fatalities in 2015 occurred in a junction collision, while it was around 8,000 in 2006. Therefore, during the 2006–2015 decade, around 20% of EU road fatalities occurred at junctions.[ Among these junction fatalities, 34% were car users, 23% were pedestrians, 21% were motorcyclists, 12% were cyclists, and the remaining were other types of road users.][
]
Causes of fatalities
It has been considered that several causes might lead to fatalities; for instance:[
* Observation missed – the largest category, encompassing all factors that cause a driver or rider to not notice something:
** Physical factors:
*** Temporary obstruction to view
*** Permanent obstruction to view
*** Permanent sight obstruction
** Human factors:
*** Faulty diagnosis – a misunderstanding of another road user's actions or the road conditions
*** Distraction
*** Inadequate plan – the details of the situation, as interpreted by the road user, are lacking in quantity and/or quality (including their correspondence to reality)
*** Inattention
* Faulty diagnosis (not leading to observation missed)
** Information failure – the road user judged the situation incorrectly and made a decision based upon the incorrect judgement (e.g. thinking that another vehicle is moving when it is not, and thus colliding with it)
** Communication failure – a miscommunication between road users
* Inadequate plan (not leading to observation missed)
** Insufficient knowledge
]
Protected intersections
Bicycles
A number of features make this protected intersection
A protected intersection or protected junction, also known as a Dutch-style junction, is a type of intersection (road), at-grade road junction in which cycling, cyclists and pedestrians are separated from cars. The primary aim of junction protecti ...
much safer. A corner refuge island, a setback crossing of the pedestrians and cyclists, generally between 1.5–7 metres of setback, a forward stop bar, which allows cyclists to stop for a traffic light
Traffic lights, traffic signals, or stoplights – also known as robots in South Africa, Zambia, and Namibia – are signaling devices positioned at intersection (road), road intersections, pedestrian crossings, and other locations in order t ...
well ahead of motor traffic who must stop behind the crosswalk. Separate signal staging or at least an advance green for cyclists and pedestrians is used to give cyclists and pedestrians no conflicts or a head start over traffic. The design makes a right turn on red, and sometimes left on red depending on the geometry of the intersection in question, possible in many cases, often without stopping.
Cyclists ideally have a protected bike lane on the approach to the intersection, separated by a concrete median with splay kerbs if possible, and have a protected bike lane width of at least 2 metres if possible (one way). In the Netherlands
, Terminology of the Low Countries, informally Holland, is a country in Northwestern Europe, with Caribbean Netherlands, overseas territories in the Caribbean. It is the largest of the four constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Nether ...
, most one way cycle paths are at least 2.5 metres wide.
Bicycle
A bicycle, also called a pedal cycle, bike, push-bike or cycle, is a human-powered transport, human-powered or motorized bicycle, motor-assisted, bicycle pedal, pedal-driven, single-track vehicle, with two bicycle wheel, wheels attached to a ...
traffic can be accommodated with the low grade bike lanes in the roadway or higher grade and much safer protected bicycle paths that are physically separated from the roadway.
In Manchester, UK, traffic engineers have designed a protected junction known as the Cycle-Optimised Signal (CYCLOPS) Junction. This design places a circulatory cycle track around the edge of the junction, with pedestrian crossing on the inside. This design allows for an all-red pedestrian / cyclist phase with reduced conflicts. Traffic signals are timed to allow cyclists to make a right turn (across oncoming traffic) in one turn). It also allows for diagonal crossings ( pedestrian scramble) and reduces crossing distances for pedestrians.
Pedestrians
Intersections generally must manage pedestrian
A pedestrian is a person traveling on foot, by wheelchair or with other mobility aids. Streets and roads often have a designated footpath for pedestrian traffic, called the '' sidewalk'' in North American English, the ''pavement'' in British En ...
as well as vehicle traffic. Pedestrian aids include crosswalks, pedestrian-directed traffic signals ("walk light") and over/underpass
A subway, also known as an underpass, is a grade-separated pedestrian crossing running underneath a road or railway in order to entirely separate pedestrians and cyclists from motor or train traffic.
Terminology
In the United States, as ...
es. Walk lights may be accompanied by audio signals to aid the visually impaired. Medians can offer pedestrian islands, allowing pedestrians to divide their crossings into a separate segment for each traffic direction, possibly with a separate signal for each.
See also
* List of road junctions in the United Kingdom
* Junction (traffic)
References
{{Road junction types
Transport infrastructure