Richard Turner (25 September 1941, in Stellenbosch – 8 January 1978, in Durban), known as Rick Turner, was a South African academic and anti-apartheid activist who was murdered, possibly by the South African security forces, in 1978.

Nelson Mandela Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (; ; 18 July 1918 – 5 December 2013) was a South African Internal resistance to apartheid, anti-apartheid activist who served as the President of South Africa, first president of South Africa from 1994 to 1 ...

described Turner "as a source of inspiration".

Life

Turner matriculated from St George's Grammar School, Cape Town in 1959 and graduated from the University of Cape Town in 1963, attaining a B.A. Honours. He continued his studies at the Sorbonne in Paris where he studied philosophy under Henri Lefebvre and received a doctorate for a dissertation on the French intellectual, Jean-Paul Sartre.Biographical introduction in 'The eye of the needle' by Tony Morphet, 1980
/ref> He returned to South Africa in 1966 and worked on his mother's farm in Stellenbosch for two years before lecturing at the universities of Cape Town, Stellenbosch and Rhodes. He moved to Natal in 1970 and become a senior lecturer in political science at the University of Natal and in that same year he met

Steve Biko Bantu Stephen Biko (18 December 1946 – 12 September 1977) was a South African anti-apartheid activist. Ideologically an African nationalist and African socialist, he was at the forefront of a grassroots anti-apartheid campaign known ...

and the two formed a close relationship and became the leading figures in The Durban Moment. Turner became a prominent academic at the University and assumed a leading role in radical philosophy in South Africa and published a number of papers. His work was written from a radical existential perspective and stressed the virtues of bottom up popular democracy against authoritarian

Stalinist Stalinism is the means of governing and Marxist-Leninist policies implemented in the Soviet Union from 1927 to 1953 by Joseph Stalin. It included the creation of a one-party totalitarian police state, rapid industrialization, the theory o ...

and Trotskyist strands of leftism. He was a strong advocate of workers' control and a critic of the reduction of politics to party politics.

Works

In 1972 Turner wrote a book called ''The Eye of the Needle - Towards Participatory Democracy in South Africa''. The South African authorities thought that the book exercised a strong influence on opposition thinking with its plea for a radically democratic and non-racial South Africa. Such a society, he argued, would liberate whites as well as blacks. In 1973 he published a widely influential article titled "Dialectical Reason", in the British journal '' Radical Philosophy''. In the same year he was banned by the South African authorities for five years. He was not allowed to visit his two daughters or his mother and had to stay in the Durban area. Even though he was banned this did not stop him from speaking out and in April 1973 Turner and other banned individuals staged an Easter fast to illustrate the sufferings that bannings impose on people. The fast was supported by the Pope and the Archbishop of Canterbury. After his banning Turner was kept on the staff at the University of Natal even though he was not allowed to lecture.Re-imagining South Africa: Black Consciousness, radical Christianity and the New Left, 1967 – 1977
Ian McQueen, PhD Thesis, University of Sussex, 2011

Political activism

He attended the South African Student Organisation (SASO) terrorism trial of nine Black Consciousness movement leaders as a defence witness in March 1976 where he expounded on theories expressed in ''The Eye of the Needle''. In November 1976 Dr Turner received a Humboldt Fellowship, one of the world's leading academic awards from Heidelberg University, but after months of negotiating with the Minister of Justice, he was refused permission to travel to Germany. Turner was also involved with the re-emerging black trade union movement of the 1970s, although the relationship was fraught at times.The Moment of Western Marxism by Andrew Nash, 1999
/ref>

Assassination

On 8 January 1978, Turner was shot through a window of his home in Dalton Avenue, Bellair (a suburb of Durban), and died in the arms of his 13-year-old daughter, Jann. After months of police investigations, no significant clues were found and his killers were never identified. However it is widely believed that he was murdered by the security services.

Legacy

He is recognised as the one of the most significant academic philosophers to have come out of South Africa. His work is still read in popular radical movements and South African academics like Anthony Fluxman, Mabogo Percy More, Andrew Nash and Peter Vale have continued to make use of his work.

Family

Turner had two children, daughters Jann Turner and Kim Turner, and was married twice: first to Barbara Follett (née Hubbard) and then to Foszia Turner (née Fisher). Turner's eldest daughter Jann Turner is a director, novelist, television director and screenwriter. Barbara Follett later became a British Labour Party Member of Parliament.

Writing by Rick Turner

What is Political Philosophy?, ''Radical'', 1968''Dialectical Reason''
Radical Philosophy, No.4., 1973
The Relevance of Contemporary Radical Thought, SPRO-CAS, 1971

Articles or Books on Turner

Choosing to be Free : the life story of Rick Turner
by Billy Keniston, 2013. Auckland Park: Jacana
Rick Turner
''SA History Online''
Philosophy & the Crisis in South Africa, M.A. Nupen, 1988Richard Turner and the Politics of Emancipation
, Duncan Greeves, 1987
Biographical introduction in 'The eye of the needle'
by Tony Morphet, 1980
Brushing Against the Grain: Oppositional Discourse in South Africa
by Tony Morphet, 1990
The Moment of Western Marxism
by Andrew Nash, 1999
Re-Reading Rick Turner in the New South Africa
by Tony Fluxman and Peter Vale, 2004
Black Consciousness in Dialogue: Steve Biko, Richard Turner and the ‘Durban Moment’ in South Africa, 1970 – 1974
Ian McQueen, SOAS, 2009
Hippies, radicals and the Sounds of Silence - Cultural Dialectics at two South African Universities 1966-1976
, Helen Lunn, PhD Thesis, UKZN, 2010
Eddie Webster, the Durban moment and new labour internationalism
Rob Lambert, 2010
Re-imagining South Africa: Black Consciousness, radical Christianity and the New Left, 1967 – 1977
Ian McQueen, PhD Thesis, University of Sussex, 2011
My personal reflections about writing The Eye of the Needle
Foszia Turner-Stylianou, ''Daily Maverick'', 2022

References

External links

Link to Television Documentary on Turner
'SA History Online'' * ttp://www.turner.ukzn.ac.za/ Rick Turner Website ''University of KwaZulu-Natal'' {{DEFAULTSORT:Turner, Rick 1942 births 1978 deaths 20th-century South African philosophers Assassinated South African activists Deaths by firearm in South Africa Existentialists Left communists Male murder victims Marxist humanists Marxist theorists People from Stellenbosch People murdered in South Africa South African democracy activists South African humanists South African murder victims South African people of British descent South African trade unionists University of Cape Town alumni University of Paris alumni Unsolved murders in South Africa White South African anti-apartheid activists Academic staff of the University of Natal