Richard Hamilton (artist)
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Richard William Hamilton (24 February 1922 – 13 September 2011) was an English painter and
collage Collage (, from the , "to glue" or "to stick together") is a technique of art creation, primarily used in the visual arts, but in music too, by which art results from an assembly of different forms, thus creating a new whole. (Compare with pasti ...
artist. His 1955 exhibition ''Man, Machine and Motion'' ( Hatton Gallery,
Newcastle upon Tyne Newcastle upon Tyne, or simply Newcastle ( , Received Pronunciation, RP: ), is a City status in the United Kingdom, cathedral city and metropolitan borough in Tyne and Wear, England. It is England's northernmost metropolitan borough, located o ...
) and his 1956 collage '' Just what is it that makes today's homes so different, so appealing?'', produced for the '' This Is Tomorrow'' exhibition of the Independent Group in London, are considered by critics and historians to be among the earliest works of pop art.Livingstone, M., (1990), ''Pop Art: A Continuing History'', New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc. A major retrospective of his work was at Tate Modern in 2014.


Early life

Hamilton was born in
Pimlico Pimlico () is a district in Central London, in the City of Westminster, built as a southern extension to neighbouring Belgravia. It is known for its garden squares and distinctive Regency architecture. Pimlico is demarcated to the north by Lon ...
, London on 24 February 1922. Despite having left school with no formal qualifications, he managed to gain employment as an apprentice working at an electrical components firm, where he discovered an ability for draughtsmanship and began to do painting at evening classes at
Saint Martin's School of Art Saint Martin's School of Art was an art school, art college in London, England. It offered foundation and degree level courses. It was established in 1854, initially under the aegis of the church of St Martin-in-the-Fields. Saint Martin's beca ...
and at the Westminster School of Art. In 1938, he enrolled in the Royal Academy of Arts. After spending World War II working as a technical draftsman, he re-enrolled at the Royal Academy Schools but was expelled in 1946 on grounds of "not profiting from the instruction". Loss of his student status forced Hamilton to carry out National Service. After two years at the Slade School of Art,
University College London University College London (Trade name, branded as UCL) is a Public university, public research university in London, England. It is a Member institutions of the University of London, member institution of the Federal university, federal Uni ...
, Hamilton began exhibiting his work at the
Institute of Contemporary Arts The Institute of Contemporary Arts (ICA) is an modernism, artistic and cultural centre on The Mall (London), The Mall in London, just off Trafalgar Square. Located within Nash House, part of Carlton House Terrace, near the Duke of York Steps a ...
(ICA), where he also produced posters and leaflets. He taught at the Central School of Art and Design from 1952 until 1966.


1950s–1960s

Hamilton's early work was much influenced by D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson's 1917 text ''On Growth and Form''. In 1951, Hamilton staged an exhibition called ''Growth and Form'' at the
Institute of Contemporary Arts The Institute of Contemporary Arts (ICA) is an modernism, artistic and cultural centre on The Mall (London), The Mall in London, just off Trafalgar Square. Located within Nash House, part of Carlton House Terrace, near the Duke of York Steps a ...
in London. A pioneering form of
installation art Installation art is an artistic genre of three-dimensional works that are often site-specific art, site-specific and designed to transform the perception of a space. Generally, the term is applied to interior spaces, whereas exterior intervent ...
, it featured scientific models, diagrams and photographs presented as a unified artwork. In 1952, at the first Independent Group meeting, held at the ICA, Hamilton was introduced to Eduardo Paolozzi's seminal presentation of collages produced in the late 1940s and early 1950s that are now considered to be the first standard bearers of Pop Art. Also in 1952, he was introduced to the ''Green Box'' notes of Marcel Duchamp through Roland Penrose, whom Hamilton had met at the ICA. At the ICA, Hamilton was responsible for the design and installation of a number of exhibitions including one on
James Joyce James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (born James Augusta Joyce; 2 February 1882 – 13 January 1941) was an Irish novelist, poet, and literary critic. He contributed to the modernist avant-garde movement and is regarded as one of the most influentia ...
and ''The Wonder and the Horror of the Human Head'' that was curated by Penrose. It was also through Penrose that Hamilton met Victor Pasmore who gave him a teaching post in the Fine Art Department of Durham University at
Newcastle upon Tyne Newcastle upon Tyne, or simply Newcastle ( , Received Pronunciation, RP: ), is a City status in the United Kingdom, cathedral city and metropolitan borough in Tyne and Wear, England. It is England's northernmost metropolitan borough, located o ...
, which lasted until 1966. Among the students Hamilton tutored at Newcastle in this period were Rita Donagh, Mark Lancaster, Tim Head,
Roxy Music Roxy Music are an English rock music, rock band formed in 1970 by Bryan Ferry (lead vocals/keyboards/principal songwriter) and Graham Simpson (musician), Graham Simpson (bass). By the time the band recorded their Roxy Music (album), first albu ...
founder Bryan Ferry and Ferry's visual collaborator Nicholas de Ville. Hamilton's influence can be found in the visual styling and approach of Roxy Music. He described Ferry as "his greatest creation". Ferry repaid the compliment, naming him in 2010 as the living person he most admired, saying "he greatly influenced my ways of seeing art and the world". Hamilton gave a 1959 lecture, "Glorious Technicolor, Breathtaking Cinemascope and Stereophonic Sound", a phrase taken from a
Cole Porter Cole Albert Porter (June 9, 1891 – October 15, 1964) was an American composer and songwriter. Many of his songs became Standard (music), standards noted for their witty, urbane lyrics, and many of his scores found success on Broadway the ...
lyric in the 1957 musical '' Silk Stockings''. In that lecture, which sported a pop soundtrack and the demonstration of an early Polaroid camera, Hamilton deconstructed the technology of cinema to explain how it helped to create Hollywood’s allure. He further developed that theme in the early 1960s with a series of paintings inspired by film stills and publicity shots. The post at the ICA also afforded Hamilton the time to further his research on Duchamp, which resulted in the 1960 publication of a typographic version of Duchamp's ''Green Box'', which comprised Duchamp's original notes for the design and construction of his famous work '' The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even'', also known as ''The Large Glass''. Hamilton's 1955 exhibition of paintings at the Hanover Gallery were all in some form a homage to Duchamp. In the same year Hamilton organized the exhibition ''Man Machine Motion'' at the Hatton Gallery in the Fine Art Department at King's College, Durham (now Newcastle University). Designed to look more like an advertising display than a conventional art exhibition the show prefigured Hamilton's contribution to the '' This Is Tomorrow'' exhibition in London, at the Whitechapel Gallery the following year. '' Just what is it that makes today's homes so different, so appealing?'' was created in 1956 for the catalogue of ''This Is Tomorrow'', where it was reproduced in black and white and also used in posters for the exhibit."This is tomorrow"
, thisistomorrow2.com (scroll to "image 027TT-1956.jpg"). Retrieved 27 August 2008.
The collage depicts a muscle-man provocatively holding a Tootsie Pop and a woman with large, bare breasts wearing a lampshade hat, surrounded by emblems of 1950s affluence from a vacuum cleaner to a large canned ham. ''Just what is it that makes today's homes so different, so appealing?'' is widely acknowledged as one of the first pieces of pop art. Hamilton's written definition of what "pop" is laid the ground for the whole international movement. Hamilton's definition of Pop Art from a letter to Alison and Peter Smithson dated 16 January 1957 was: "Pop Art is: popular, transient, expendable, low-cost, mass-produced, young, witty, sexy, gimmicky, glamorous, and Big Business", stressing its everyday, commonplace values.Richard Hamilton
Museum of Modern Art, New York.
He thus created collages incorporating advertisements from mass-circulation newspapers and magazines. The success of ''This Is Tomorrow'' secured Hamilton further teaching assignments in particular at the
Royal College of Art The Royal College of Art (RCA) is a public university, public research university in London, United Kingdom, with campuses in South Kensington, Battersea and White City, London, White City. It is the only entirely postgraduate art and design uni ...
from 1957 to 1961, where he promoted
David Hockney David Hockney (born 9 July 1937) is an English Painting, painter, Drawing, draughtsman, Printmaking, printmaker, Scenic design, stage designer, and photographer. As an important contributor to the pop art movement of the 1960s, he is considere ...
and Peter Blake. During this period Hamilton was also very active in the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament and produced a work parodying the then leader of the Labour Party Hugh Gaitskell for rejecting a policy of unilateral nuclear disarmament. In the early 1960s he received a grant from the Arts Council to investigate the condition of the Kurt Schwitters Merzbau in
Cumbria Cumbria ( ) is a ceremonial county in North West England. It borders the Scottish council areas of Dumfries and Galloway and Scottish Borders to the north, Northumberland and County Durham to the east, North Yorkshire to the south-east, Lancash ...
. The research eventually resulted in Hamilton organising the preservation of the work by relocating it to the Hatton Gallery in Newcastle University Fine Art Department. In his works, Hamilton frequently incorporated the materials of consumer society. ''Just what is it that makes today’s homes so different, so appealing?'' (1956) used American magazines, brought back from the United States by John McHale and Magda Cordell. Hamilton also incorporated pieces of plastic directly into his collages. In ''Pin-up'' (1961), a mixed-media work exploring the female nude, sculpted plastic was used for the breasts of the nude figure. ''$he'' (1959–1961) incorporated a plastic holographic eye, given to Hamilton by Herbert Ohl. The use of plastics has created significant challenges in conserving Hamilton's works. As early as 1964, when ''Pin-up'' and ''$he'' were loaned for a solo show of Hamilton's works at the Hanover Gallery in London, they were found to be cracked, with plastic lifting off the supporting surfaces. Hamilton experimented with materials, including plywood, acrylic glass, and plasticizers, and worked closely with conservators to repair his works and develop better techniques for incorporating and conserving plastics in artworks. In 1962 his first wife Terry was killed in a car accident. In part to recover from her loss, in 1963 Hamilton travelled for the first time to the United States for a retrospective of the works of Marcel Duchamp at the Pasadena Art Museum,Benjamin Genocchio (29 February 2004)
From the Beginning, a Master of Pop Art
''
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''.
where, as well as meeting other leading pop artists, he was befriended by Duchamp. Arising from this Hamilton curated the first British retrospective of Duchamp's work, and his familiarity with ''The Green Box'' enabled Hamilton to make copies of ''The Large Glass'' and other glass works too fragile to travel. The exhibition was shown at the Tate Gallery in 1966. In 1968, Hamilton appeared in a Brian De Palma film titled '' Greetings'' where Hamilton portrays a pop artist showing a "Blow Up" image. The film was Robert De Niro's first motion picture, and the first film in the United States to appeal an
X rating An X rating is a film rating that indicates that the film contains content that is considered to be suitable only for adults. Films with an X rating may have scenes of graphic violence or explicit sexual acts that may be disturbing or offensive ...
. From the mid-1960s, Hamilton was represented by Robert Fraser and even produced a series of prints, ''Swingeing London'', based on Fraser's arrest, along with Mick Jagger, for possession of
drugs A drug is any chemical substance other than a nutrient or an essential dietary ingredient, which, when administered to a living organism, produces a biological effect. Consumption of drugs can be via inhalation, injection, smoking, ingestio ...
. This association with the 1960s pop music scene continued as Hamilton became friends with
Paul McCartney Sir James Paul McCartney (born 18 June 1942) is an English singer, songwriter and musician who gained global fame with the Beatles, for whom he played bass guitar and the piano, and shared primary songwriting and lead vocal duties with John ...
resulting in him producing the cover design and poster collage for the
Beatles The Beatles were an English Rock music, rock band formed in Liverpool in 1960. The core lineup of the band comprised John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr. They are widely regarded as the Cultural impact of the Beatle ...
' '' White Album''. In 1969, Hamilton appeared in a documentary by filmmaker James Scott, in which he discussed the ''Swingeing London'' series and his preoccupation with mass media through a selection of his own work.


1970s–2011

During the 1970s, Richard Hamilton enjoyed international acclaim with a number of major exhibitions being organised of his work. Hamilton had found a new companion in painter Rita Donagh. Together they set about converting North End, a farm in the
Oxfordshire Oxfordshire ( ; abbreviated ''Oxon'') is a ceremonial county in South East England. The county is bordered by Northamptonshire and Warwickshire to the north, Buckinghamshire to the east, Berkshire to the south, and Wiltshire and Glouceste ...
countryside, into a home and studios. "By 1970, always fascinated by new technology, Hamilton was redirecting advances in product design into fine art, with the backing of xartcollection, Zurich, a young company that pioneered the production of multiples with the aim of bringing art to a wider audience." Hamilton realised a series of projects that blurred the boundaries between artwork and product design including a painting that incorporated a state-of-the-art radio receiver and the casing of a Dataindustrier AB computer. During the 1980s Hamilton again voyaged into industrial design and designed two computer exteriors: OHIO computer prototype (for a Swedish firm named ''Isotron'', 1984) and DIAB DS-101 (for Dataindustrier AB, 1986). As part of a television project, 1987 BBC series Painting with Light Hamilton was introduced to the Quantel Paintbox and subsequently purchased one for his studio to produce and modify his work. From the late 1970s Hamilton’s activity was concentrated largely on investigations of printmaking processes, often in unusual and complex combinations. In 1977–78 Hamilton undertook a series of collaborations with the artist Dieter Roth that also blurred the definitions of the artist as sole author of their work. In 1992, Richard Hamilton was commissioned by the BBC to recreate his famous art piece, ''Just What Is It That Makes Today's Homes So Different, So Appealing?'' but only this time, as to what he felt the average household would be like during the 1990s. Instead of the male body builder, he used an accountant working at a desk. Instead of the female icon, he used a world class female body builder. In 1981 Hamilton began work on a trilogy of paintings based on the conflict in Northern Ireland after watching a television documentary about the "Blanket" protest organized by IRA prisoners in Long Kesh Prison, officially known as The Maze. ''The citizen'' (1981–1983) shows IRA prisoner Hugh Rooney portrayed as Jesus, with long flowing hair and a beard. Republican prisoners had refused to wear prison uniforms, claiming that they were political prisoners. Prison officers refused to let "the blanket protesters" use the toilets unless they wore prison uniforms. The republican prisoners refused, and instead smeared the excrement on the wall of their cells. Hamilton explained (in the catalogue to his Tate Gallery exhibition, 1992), that he saw the image of "the blanket man as a public relations contrivance of enormous efficacy. It had the moral conviction of a religious icon and the persuasiveness of the advertising man's dream soap commercial - yet it was a present reality". ''The subject'' (1988–89) shows an Orangeman, a member of an order dedicated to preserve Unionism in Northern Ireland. ''The state'' (1993) shows a British soldier on a "foot" patrol on a street. ''The citizen'' was shown as part of "A Cellular Maze", a 1983 joint exhibition with Donagh at the Orchard Gallery in Derry. The pair created a yellow pamphlet appropriating the style of 17th Century political pamphlets distributed by the Diggers and Ditchers to link the cause of Republican strikers to previous historic struggles. From the late 1940s Richard Hamilton was engaged with a project to produce a suite of illustrations for James Joyce's '' Ulysses''. In 1988, the Orchard Gallery, Derry did an exhibition and publication entitled, "Work in Progress" of the copper plate etchings Hamilton had been making since the 1940s. Before this an unsuccessful attempt had been made alongside Joseph Beuys to display the etchings, alongside the additional two chapters of Ulysses that Beuys had authored. The proposed show was to take place on 7.7.77 - a magic date in Joyce's thinking at the lighthouse in Sandycove but was terminated due to the property owners worries about the fragility of Joyce's original manuscripts. In 2002, the
British Museum The British Museum is a Museum, public museum dedicated to human history, art and culture located in the Bloomsbury area of London. Its permanent collection of eight million works is the largest in the world. It documents the story of human cu ...
staged an exhibition of Hamilton's illustrations of James Joyce's Ulysses, entitled ''Imaging Ulysses''. A book of Hamilton's illustrations was published simultaneously, with text by Stephen Coppel. In the book, Hamilton explained that the idea of illustrating this complex, experimental novel occurred to him when he was doing his National Service in 1947. His first preliminary sketches were made while at the Slade School of Art, and he continued to refine and re-work the images over the next 50 years. Hamilton felt his re-working of the illustrations in many different media had produced a visual effect analogous to Joyce's verbal techniques. The ''Ulysses'' illustrations were subsequently exhibited at the Irish Museum of Modern Art (in
Dublin Dublin is the capital and largest city of Republic of Ireland, Ireland. Situated on Dublin Bay at the mouth of the River Liffey, it is in the Provinces of Ireland, province of Leinster, and is bordered on the south by the Dublin Mountains, pa ...
) and the Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen (in
Rotterdam Rotterdam ( , ; ; ) is the second-largest List of cities in the Netherlands by province, city in the Netherlands after the national capital of Amsterdam. It is in the Provinces of the Netherlands, province of South Holland, part of the North S ...
). The British Museum exhibition coincided with both the 80th anniversary of the publication of Joyce's novel, and Richard Hamilton's 80th birthday. Hamilton died on 13 September 2011, at the age of 89. His work ''Le chef d’oeuvre inconnu – a painting in three parts'', unfinished at his death, comprises a trio of large inkjet prints composed from Photoshop images to visualize the moment of crisis in Balzac’s novel '' The Unknown Masterpiece''.Jackie Wullschlager (11 October 2012)
Richard Hamilton: The Late Works, National Gallery, London
''
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''.


Exhibitions

The first exhibition of Hamilton's paintings was shown at the Hanover Gallery, London, in 1955. In 1993 Hamilton represented Great Britain at the Venice Biennale and was awarded the Golden Lion. Major retrospective exhibitions have been organized by the Tate Gallery, London, 1970 and 1992, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York, 1973, MACBA, Barcelona, Museum Ludwig, Cologne, 2003, and the Neue Nationalgalerie, Berlin, 1974. Some of the group exhibitions Hamilton participated in include: Documenta 4, Kassel, 1968; São Paulo Art Biennial, 1989; Documenta X, Kassel 1997; Gwangju Biennale, 2004; and Shanghai Biennale, 2006. In 2010, the
Serpentine Gallery The Serpentine Galleries are two contemporary art galleries in Kensington Gardens, Westminster, Greater London. Recently rebranded to just Serpentine, the organisation is split across Serpentine South, previously known as the Serpentine Galler ...
presented Hamilton’s ‘Modern Moral Matters’, an exhibition focusing on his political and protest works which were shown previously in 2008 at Inverleith House, Royal Botanic Garden in Edinburgh. For the season 2001/2002 in the Vienna State Opera Richard Hamilton designed the large scale picture (176 sqm) "Retard en Fer – Delay in Iron" as part of the exhibition series "Safety Curtain", conceived by museum in progress."Safety Curtain 2001/2002"
museum in progress, Vienna.
Just the week prior to his death the artist was working with the Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía, Madrid, to prepare a major museum retrospective of his oeuvre that had already been scheduled to open first at
Tate Modern Tate Modern is an art gallery in London, housing the United Kingdom's national collection of international Modern art, modern and contemporary art (created from or after 1900). It forms part of the Tate group together with Tate Britain, Tate Live ...
, London, on 13 February 2014, travelling later to Madrid where it will open on 24 June 2014. In 2011 Dublin City Gallery The Hugh Lane showed a joint retrospective exhibition of both Hamilton's and Rita Donagh's work called "Civil Rights etc." That same year, the Minneapolis Institute of Arts showcased Hamilton's work in ''Richard Hamilton: Pop Art Pioneer, 1922-2011''. The
National Gallery The National Gallery is an art museum in Trafalgar Square in the City of Westminster, in Central London, England. Founded in 1824, it houses a collection of more than 2,300 paintings dating from the mid-13th century to 1900. The current di ...
’s "Richard Hamilton: The Late Works" opened in 2012. A major retrospective at
Tate Modern Tate Modern is an art gallery in London, housing the United Kingdom's national collection of international Modern art, modern and contemporary art (created from or after 1900). It forms part of the Tate group together with Tate Britain, Tate Live ...
in 2014 was "the first retrospective to encompass the full scope of Hamilton’s work, from his early exhibition designs of the 1950s to his final paintings of 2011. heexhibition explores his relationship to design, painting, photography and television, as well as his engagement and collaborations with other artists".


Collections

The Tate Gallery has a comprehensive collection of Hamilton's work from across his career. In 1996, the Kunstmuseum Winterthur received a substantial gift of Hamilton's prints, making the museum the largest repository of the artist's prints in the world.


Recognition

Hamilton was awarded the William and Noma Copley Foundation Award, 1960; the John Moores Painting Prize, 1969; the Talens Prize International, 1970; the Leone d’Oro for his exhibition in the British Pavilion at the Venice Biennale, 1993; the Arnold Bode Prize at Documenta X, Kassel, 1997; and the Max Beckmann Prize for Painting of the City of Frankfurt, 2006. He was made a Member of the
Order of the Companions of Honour The Order of the Companions of Honour is an Order (distinction), order of the Commonwealth realms. It was founded on 4 June 1917 by King George V as a reward for outstanding achievements. It was founded on the same date as the Order of the Brit ...
(CH) in 2000. He was presented with a special award by The Bogside Artists of Derry at the
Royal College of Art The Royal College of Art (RCA) is a public university, public research university in London, United Kingdom, with campuses in South Kensington, Battersea and White City, London, White City. It is the only entirely postgraduate art and design uni ...
in 2010. The School of Arts building at Oxford Brookes University is named in his honour.


Art market

Hamilton has been represented by The Robert Fraser Gallery. The Alan Cristea Gallery in London is the distributor of Hamilton's prints. His auction record is £440,000, set at Sotheby's, London, in February 2006, for ''Fashion Plate, Cosmetic Study X'' (1969) For a 2014 retrospective at the Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía, the government-owned museum insured 246 works of Hamilton for 115.6 million euros ($157 million) against loss or damage, according to an order published as law by the Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports.Todd White (18 June 2014)
Artist Richard Hamilton’s Biggest Show Insured at $157 Million
''
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''.


References


Bibliography

* Lucy R. Lippard, ''Pop Art'', London, Thames and Hudson, 1985 * Richard Hamilton, ''Collected Words 1953-1982'', New York, Thames and Hudson, 1983 * David Robbins (ed.), ''The Independent Group: Postwar Britain and the Aesthetics of Plenty'', MIT Press, 1990 * ''Richard Hamilton'' (exhibition catalogue), London, Tate Gallery, 1992 * Etienne Lullin, Richard Hamilton, Stephen Coppel (eds.), ''Richard Hamilton: Prints and Multiples 1939-2002'', Richter, 2004 * John Richardson, Richard Cork, Richard Hamilton, ''Hamilton'', Dickinson, 2006 * Hal Foster and Alex Bacon (eds.), ''Richard Hamilton'', London, The MIT Press, 2010 * Fanny Singer
''Immaculate Conception: Richard Hamilton's digital prints''
Cambridge University Ph.D dissertation, 2013


External links


The Guardian: Obituary, ''Richard Hamilton, the original pop artist dies at 89''

Footage of Richard Hamilton who was interviewed on his 2001 Polaroid exhibition in Birmingham, UK


* ttps://archive.today/20130222010222/http://newleftreview.net/A2434 Hal Foster, On the First Pop Age, New Left Review
Richard Hamilton, Catalogue

exhibitions with Richard Hamilton

Hamilton New York 2006

Richard Hamilton works in the Tate Collection



Excerpts from a 2003 conversation with Richard Hamilton (podcast)

Richard Hamilton in the National Gallery of Australia's Kenneth Tyler Collection
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hamilton, Richard 1922 births 2011 deaths 20th-century English printmakers 20th-century English painters 21st-century English painters 21st-century English male artists Academics of the Royal College of Art English album-cover and concert-poster artists Alumni of Saint Martin's School of Art Alumni of the Slade School of Fine Art Alumni of the Westminster School of Art British collage artists British pop artists English contemporary artists English male painters Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour Painters from London People from Pimlico Place of death missing 20th-century British military personnel 20th-century English male artists Military personnel from the City of Westminster John Moores Painting Prize winners