The ricefishes are a

family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...

(Adrianichthyidae) of small ray-finned fish that are found in fresh and brackish waters from

India India, officially the Republic of India ( Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the ...

to Japan and out into the

Malay Archipelago The Malay Archipelago (Indonesian/ Malay: , tgl, Kapuluang Malay) is the archipelago between mainland Indochina and Australia. It has also been called the " Malay world," " Nusantara", "East Indies", Indo-Australian Archipelago, Spices Arch ...

, most notably Sulawesi (where the

Lake Poso Lake Poso ( id, Danau Poso) is a lake in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, and the third-deepest lake in Indonesia. The town of Pendolo is situated at the southern end of the lake, the town of Tentena is located at the northern end, while a nu ...

and Lore Lindu species are known as buntingi). The common name ricefish derives from the fact that some species are found in rice paddies. This family consists of about 37 species in two

genera Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial ...

(some recognize a third, ''

Xenopoecilus ''Xenopoecilus'' is a genus of small fish in the family Adrianichthyidae. All members of the genus are threatened and endemic to lakes in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Pollution and the introduction of other fish into the lakes are the main reasons for t ...

''). Several species are rare and threatened, and some 2–4 may already be extinct.

Description

Most of these species are quite small, making them of interest for aquaria. ''Adrianichthys'' reach lengths of depending on the exact species involved, while the largest ''Oryzias'' reaches up to . Most ''Oryzias'' species are less than a half this length, with the smallest being up to only long. They have a number of distinctive features, including an unusual structure to the jaw, and the presence of an additional bone in the tail. The

Japanese rice fish The Japanese rice fish (''Oryzias latipes''), also known as the medaka, is a member of genus ''Oryzias'' ( ricefish), the only genus in the subfamily Oryziinae. This small (up to about ) native of East Asia is a denizen of rice paddies, marshe ...

(''O. latipes''), also known as the medaka, is a popular model organism used in research in

developmental biology Developmental biology is the study of the process by which animals and plants grow and develop. Developmental biology also encompasses the biology of regeneration, asexual reproduction, metamorphosis, and the growth and differentiation of ste ...

. This species has traveled into

space Space is the boundless three-dimensional extent in which objects and events have relative position and direction. In classical physics, physical space is often conceived in three linear dimensions, although modern physicists usually con ...

, where they have the distinction of being the first vertebrate to mate and produce healthy young in space. Genetic study of the family suggests that it originally evolved on Sulawesi and spread from there to the Asian mainland; the supposed genus ''

'' are apparently unrelated, morphologically divergent species of ''Oryzias''.Takehana ''et al.'', 2005

Taxonomy

The ricefish were formerly classified within the

order Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to: * Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood * Heterarchy, a system of organization wherein the elements have the potential to be ranked a number of d ...

Cyprinodontiformes Cyprinodontiformes is an order of ray-finned fish, comprising mostly small, freshwater fish. Many popular aquarium fish, such as killifish and live-bearers, are included. They are closely related to the Atheriniformes and are occasionally in ...

but in the 1980s workers showed that they were a

monophyletic In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic ...

grouping, mainly based on the characters on the bones of the gill arches and the hyoid apparatus, within the Beloniformes as the

Adrianichthyidae, this family making up one of the three suborders of the Beloniformes, the Adrianichthyoidei. Since then some workers have placed them in the Cyprinodontiformes but more recently molecular studies have supported their placement in the Beloniformes.

History

Ricefish are believed to have been kept as aquarium fishes since the 17th century. The Japanese ricefish was one of the first species to be kept and it has been bred into a golden color, from their original white coloring.

Reproduction

As with most fish, ricefish typically spawn their eggs, which are fertilised externally. However, some species, including the Japanese ricefish, are known to fertilise the eggs internally, carrying them inside the body as the embryo develops. The female then lays the eggs just before they hatch. Several other species carry their eggs attached to the body between their pelvic fins.

References

Sources

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External links

FishBase info for Adrianichthyidae

{{Taxonbar, from=Q1045684 Adrianichthyidae Beloniformes Taxa named by Max Carl Wilhelm Weber