Rhysodinae is a subfamily (sometimes called wrinkled bark beetles) in the family

Carabidae Ground beetles are a large, cosmopolitan family of beetles, the Carabidae, with more than 40,000 species worldwide, around 2,000 of which are found in North America and 2,700 in Europe. As of 2015, it is one of the 10 most species-rich animal ...

. There are 19 genera and at least 380 described species in Rhysodinae. The group of genera making up Rhysodinae had been treated as the family Rhysodidae in the past, and subsequent DNA analysis then placed it within Carabidae, where it was sometimes treated as the tribe Rhysodini, but the most recent analyses place it as a subfamily in a clade along with subfamilies

Paussinae Ant nest beetles (subfamily Paussinae) or paussines, some members of which are known also as flanged bombardier beetles, are a large subfamily within the ground beetles (Carabidae).The tribes Metriini, Ozaenini, Paussini and Protopaussini are inc ...

and

Siagoninae Siagoninae is a subfamily of ground beetles in the family Carabidae. There are at least 3 genera and more than 80 described species in Siagoninae. Genera These three genera belong to the subfamily Siagoninae: * ''Enceladus Enceladus is the ...

, forming a

sister A sister is a woman or a girl who shares parents or a parent with another individual; a female sibling. The male counterpart is a brother. Although the term typically refers to a familial relationship, it is sometimes used endearingly to ref ...

to the remaining Carabidae.

Description

These beetles are elongate, in size ranging from 5–8 mm, and color ranging from a reddish brown to black. Both the

thorax The thorax (: thoraces or thoraxes) or chest is a part of the anatomy of mammals and other tetrapod animals located between the neck and the abdomen. In insects, crustaceans, and the extinct trilobites, the thorax is one of the three main di ...

and the

elytra An elytron (; ; : elytra, ) is a modified, hardened forewing of beetles (Coleoptera), though a few of the true bugs (Hemiptera) such as the family Schizopteridae are extremely similar; in true bugs, the forewings are called hemelytra (sometime ...

are deeply grooved lengthwise, thus giving these beetles their common name. The head is also grooved, and posteriorly constricted into a short but visible "neck". The 11-segment antennae are short, resembling a string of beads, while the

mandible In jawed vertebrates, the mandible (from the Latin ''mandibula'', 'for chewing'), lower jaw, or jawbone is a bone that makes up the lowerand typically more mobilecomponent of the mouth (the upper jaw being known as the maxilla). The jawbone i ...

s lack cutting edges and are thus nonfunctional. The front legs are short and strongly built. Adults and larvae live in moist rotten wood that is infested with

slime mould Slime mold or slime mould is an informal name given to a polyphyletic assemblage of unrelated eukaryotic organisms in the Stramenopiles, Rhizaria, Discoba, Amoebozoa and Holomycota clades. Most are near-microscopic; those in the Myxogastria ...

s, which are believed to be their diet. Instead of using their mandibles to bite, they use the anterior edge of the

mentum The term mentum can refer to several anatomical structures near the mouth of an animal: *The median plate of an insect's labium. *The protruding part of the human chin. *A certain thin projection of the soft parts of the animal, below the mouth, i ...

and swivel their heads to cut off pieces of food. Adults do not make burrows, instead just squeezing between the cell layers of the decomposed wood, generally leaving no visible trace of their passage, while larvae live in short tunnels. They occur on all continents with forested areas, the richest fauna being found in

New Guinea New Guinea (; Hiri Motu: ''Niu Gini''; , fossilized , also known as Papua or historically ) is the List of islands by area, world's second-largest island, with an area of . Located in Melanesia in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, the island is ...

Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania, between the Indian Ocean, Indian and Pacific Ocean, Pacific oceans. Comprising over List of islands of Indonesia, 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, ...

, the

Philippines The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is an Archipelagic state, archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. Located in the western Pacific Ocean, it consists of List of islands of the Philippines, 7,641 islands, with a tot ...

, and northern

South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a considerably smaller portion in the Northern Hemisphere. It can also be described as the southern Subregion#Americas, subregion o ...

Genera

Tribe Clinidiini R.T. & J.R.Bell, 1978 : ''

Clinidium ''Clinidium'' is a genus of wrinkled bark beetles in the subfamily Rhysodinae. Most species are Neotropical, but some occur further north in North America and there is also one species in Europe ('' Clinidium canaliculatum'') and one in Japan. T ...

Kirby Kirby may refer to: Buildings * Kirby Building, a skyscraper in Dallas, Texas, United States * Kirby Lofts, a building in Houston, Texas, United States * Kirby Hall, an Elizabethan country house near Corby, Northamptonshire, England * Kirby Ho ...

, 1830 : '' Grouvellina'' R.T. & J.R.Bell, 1978 : ''

Rhyzodiastes ''Rhyzodiastes'' is a genus of beetles in the family Carabidae Ground beetles are a large, cosmopolitan family of beetles, the Carabidae, with more than 40,000 species worldwide, around 2,000 of which are found in North America and 2,700 in ...

'' Fairmaire, 1895 Tribe Dhysorini R.T. & J.R.Bell, 1978 : ''

Dhysores ''Dhysores'' is a genus of beetles in the family Carabidae Ground beetles are a large, cosmopolitan family of beetles, the Carabidae, with more than 40,000 species worldwide, around 2,000 of which are found in North America and 2,700 in Eur ...

'' Grouvelle, 1903 : '' Neodhysores'' R.T. & J.R.Bell, 1978 : ''

Tangarona ''Tangarona'' is a genus of wrinkled bark beetles in the family Carabidae Ground beetles are a large, cosmopolitan family of beetles, the Carabidae, with more than 40,000 species worldwide, around 2,000 of which are found in North America ...

'' R.T. & J.R.Bell, 1982 Tribe Leoglymmiini R.T. & J.R.Bell, 1978 : '' Leoglymmius'' R.T. & J.R.Bell, 1978 Tribe Medisorini R.T. & J.R.Bell, 1987 : '' Medisores'' R.T. & J.R.Bell, 1987 Tribe Omoglymmiini R.T. & J.R.Bell, 1978 : ''

Arrowina ''Arrowina'' is a genus of wrinkled bark beetles in the family Carabidae. The genus occurs in Asia, with records from at least Sri Lanka, southern India, Nepal, Thailand, Sumatra (Indonesia), and Japan. Species ''Arrowina'' contains the followin ...

'' R.T. Bell & J.R. Bell, 1978 : ''

Omoglymmius ''Omoglymmius'' is a genus in the ground beetle subfamily Rhysodinae. There are more than 150 described species in ''Omoglymmius'', found on every continent except Antarctica. Species These 157 species belong to the genus ''Omoglymmius'': ; Su ...

'' Ganglbauer, 1891 : '' Plesioglymmius'' R.T. & J.R.Bell, 1978 : '' Shyrodes'' Grouvelle, 1903 : '' Srimara'' R.T. & J.R.Bell, 1978 : '' Xhosores'' R.T. & J.R.Bell, 1978 : '' Yamatosa'' R.T. & J.R.Bell, 1979 Tribe Rhysodini Laporte, 1840 : '' Kaveinga'' R.T. & J.R.Bell, 1978 : '' Kupeus'' R.T. & J.R.Bell, 1982 : ''

Rhysodes ''Rhysodes'' is a genus of ground beetle in the subfamily Rhysodinae native to the Palearctic (including Europe) and the Near East. There are currently two known species: * '' Rhysodes comes'' (Lewis, 1888) * '' Rhysodes sulcatus'' (Fabricius ...

'' Germar, 1822 Tribe Sloanoglymmiini R.T. & J.R.Bell, 1991 : '' Sloanoglymmius'' R.T. & J.R.Bell, 1991

References

Adephaga Carabidae subfamilies {{Rhysodinae-stub