Rhaphidophoridae

The orthopteran family Rhaphidophoridae of the suborder Ensifera has a worldwide distribution. Common names for these insects include cave crickets, camel crickets, spider crickets (sometimes shortened to "criders" or "sprickets"), and sand treaders. Those occurring in New Zealand are typically referred to as jumping or cave wētā. Most are found in forest environments or within caves, animal burrows, cellars, under stones, or in wood or similar environments. All species are flightless and nocturnal, usually with long antennae and legs. More than 500 species of Rhaphidophoridae are described.

The well-known field crickets are from a different superfamily (Grylloidea) and only look vaguely similar, while members of the family Tettigoniidae may look superficially similar in body form.

Description

Most cave crickets have very large hind legs with "drumstick-shaped" femora and equally long, thin tibiae, and long, slender antennae. The antennae arise closely and next to each other on the head. They are brownish in color and rather humpbacked in appearance, always wingless, and up to long in body and for the legs. The bodies of early instars may appear translucent.

As their name suggests, cave crickets are commonly found in caves or old mines. Some inhabit other cool, damp environments such as rotten logs, stumps and hollow trees, and under damp leaves, stones, boards, and logs. Occasionally, they prove to be a nuisance in the basements of homes in suburban areas, drains, sewers, wells, and firewood stacks. Some reach into alpine areas and live close to permanent ice, such as the Mount Cook "flea" ('' Pharmacus montanus'') and its relatives in New Zealand.

Subfamilies and genera

Aemodogryllinae

Genera include:
* tribe Aemodogryllini Jacobson, 1905 – Asia (Korea, Indochina, Russia, China), Europe
** '' Diestrammena'' Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1888
** '' Tachycines'' Adelung, 1902
* tribe Diestramimini Gorochov, 1998 – India, southern China, Indochina
** '' Diestramima'' Storozhenko, 1990
** '' Gigantettix'' Gorochov, 1998

Anoplophilinae

Genera include:

* '' Alpinanoplophilus'' Ishikawa, 1993 – Japan
* '' Anoplophilus'' Karny, 1931 – Japan and Korea

Ceuthophilinae

cave crickets, camel crickets and sand treaders: North America

Genera include:
* tribe Argyrtini Saussure & Pictet, 1897
** '' Anargyrtes'' Hubbell, 1972
** '' Argyrtes'' Saussure & Pictet, 1897
** '' Leptargyrtes'' Hubbell, 1972
* tribe Ceuthophilini Tepper, 1892
** '' Ceuthophilus'' Scudder, 1863
** '' Macrobaenetes'' Tinkham, 1962
** '' Rhachocnemis'' Caudell, 1916
** '' Styracosceles'' Hubbell, 1936
** '' Typhloceuthophilus'' Hubbell, 1940
** '' Udeopsylla'' Scudder, 1863
** '' Utabaenetes'' Tinkham, 1970
* tribe Daihiniini Karny, 1930
** '' Ammobaenetes'' Hubbell, 1936
** '' Daihinia'' Haldeman, 1850
** '' Daihinibaenetes'' Tinkham, 1962
** '' Daihiniella'' Hubbell, 1936
** '' Daihiniodes'' Hebard, 1929
** '' Phrixocnemis'' Scudder, 1894
* tribe Hadenoecini Ander, 1939 – North America
** '' Euhadenoecus

' Hubbell, 1978
** '' Hadenoecus'' Scudder, 1863
* tribe Pristoceuthophilini Rehn, 1903
** '' Exochodrilus'' Hubbell, 1972
** '' Farallonophilus'' Rentz, 1972
** '' Pristoceuthophilus'' Rehn, 1903
** '' Salishella'' Hebard, 1939

Dolichopodainae

cave crickets: southern Europe, western Asia
* '' Dolichopoda'' Bolivar, 1880

Gammarotettiginae

Auth. Karny, 1937 – North America
* tribe Gammarotettigini Karny, 1937
** '' Gammarotettix'' Brunner von Wattenwyll, 1888

Macropathinae

Gondwanan cave crickets
Genera include:
* tribe Macropathini Karny, 1930 – Australia, New Zealand, South America, South Africa, the Falkland Islands
**'' Australotettix'' Richards, 1964 – Australia (Queensland, New South Wales)
** '' Cavernotettix'' Richards, 1966 – Australia (New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania)
** ''Crux'' Trewick, 2024 - New Zealand
** '' Dendroplectron'' Richards, 1964 – New Zealand
** '' Eburnocauda'' Beasley-Hall & Iannello, 2024 – Australia (Victoria)
** '' Heteromallus'' Brunner von Wattenwyll, 1888 – South America
** '' Insulanoplectron'' Richards, 1970 – New Zealand
** '' Ischyroplectron'' Hutton, 1896 – New Zealand
** '' Isoplectron'' Hutton, 1896 – New Zealand
** '' Macropathus'' Walker, 1869 – New Zealand
** '' Maotoweta'' Johns & Cook, 2014 – New Zealand
** '' Micropathus'' Richards, 1964 – Australia (Tasmania)
**''Miotopus'' Hutton, 1898 – New Zealand
**'' Neonetus'' Brunner von Wattenwyll, 1888 – New Zealand
**'' Notoplectron'' Richards, 1964 – New Zealand
**'' Novoplectron'' Richards, 1966 – New Zealand
**'' Novotettix'' Richards, 1966 – Australia (South Australia)
**'' Occultastella'' Trewick, 2024 - New Zealand
**'' Pachyrhamma'' Brunner von Wattenwyll, 1888 – New Zealand
**'' Pallidoplectron'' Richards, 1958 – New Zealand
**'' Pallidotettix'' Richards, 1968 – Australia (South Australia, Western Australia)
**'' Paraneonetus'' Salmon, 1958 – New Zealand
**'' Parudenus'' Enderlein, 1910 – South America
**'' Pharmacus'' Pictet & Saussure, 1893 – New Zealand
**'' Pleioplectron'' Hutton, 1896 – New Zealand
**''Praecantrix'' Hegg, Morgan-Richards & Trewick 2024 – New Zealand
**'' Spelaeiacris'' Peringuey, 1916 – South Africa
**'' Speleotettix'' Chopard, 1944 – Australia (South Australia, Victoria)
**'' Tasmanoplectron'' Richards, 1971 – Australia (Tasmania)
**'' Udenus'' Brunner von Wattenwyll, 1900– South America

* tribe Talitropsini Gorochov, 1988
**'' Talitropsis'' Bolivar, 1882 – New Zealand

† Protroglophilinae

* † '' Prorhaphidophora'' Chopard, 1936
* † '' Protroglophilus'' Gorochov, 1989

Rhaphidophorinae

Genera include:
* tribe Rhaphidophorini Walker, 1869 – India, southern China, Japan, Indochina, Malaysia, Australasia
** '' Eurhaphidophora'' Gorochov, 1999
** ''Rhaphidophora'' Serville, 1838
** '' Stonychophora'' Karny, 1934

Troglophilinae

cave crickets: the Mediterranean region
* '' Troglophilus'' Krauss, 1879

Tropidischiinae

camel crickets: Canada
* '' Tropidischia'' Scudder, 1869

An as-yet-unnamed genus was discovered within a cave in Grand Canyon–Parashant National Monument, on the Utah/Arizona border, in 2005. Its most distinctive characteristic is that it has functional grasping cerci on its posterior.

Ecology

Their distinctive limbs and antennae serve a double purpose. Typically living in a lightless environment, or active at night, they rely heavily on their sense of touch, which is limited by reach. While they have been known to take up residence in the basements of buildings, many cave crickets live out their entire lives deep inside caves. In those habitats, they sometimes face long spans of time with insufficient access to nutrients. Given their limited vision, cave crickets often jump to avoid predation. Those species of Rhaphidophoridae that have been studied are primarily scavengers, eating plant, animal, and fungi material. Although they look intimidating, they are completely harmless.

The group known as "sand treaders" is restricted to sand dunes, and are adapted to live in this environment. They are active only at night, and spend the day burrowed into the sand to minimize water loss. In the large sand dunes of California and Utah, they serve as food for scorpions and at least one specialized bird, LeConte's thrasher (''Toxostoma lecontei''). The thrasher roams the dunes looking for the tell-tale debris of the diurnal hiding place and excavates the sand treaders (the range of bird is in the Mojave and Colorado Deserts in the U.S.).

Interactions with humans

Cave and camel crickets are of little economic importance except as a nuisance in buildings and homes, especially basements. They are usually "accidental invaders" that wander in from adjacent areas. They may reproduce indoors, and are seen in dark, moist conditions such as a basement, shower, or laundry area, as well as in organic debris (e.g., compost heaps) that serve as food. They are fairly common invaders of homes in Hokkaido and other chilly regions in Japan. They are called ''kamado-uma'' or colloquially ''benjo korogi'' (便所コオロギ, literally, "toilet cricket").

A representation of a female from the ''Troglophilus'' genus has been found engraved on a bison bone in the Cave of the Trois-Frères,. showing that they were likely already present around humans, maybe as pets or pests, in caves inhabited by prehistoric populations in the Magdalenian.

References

External links

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Orthoptera families
Cave insects
Blind animals