''Rhacophorus'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial n ...

frog A frog is any member of a diverse and largely carnivorous group of short-bodied, tailless amphibians composing the order Anura (ανοὐρά, literally ''without tail'' in Ancient Greek). The oldest fossil "proto-frog" '' Triadobatrachus'' is ...

s in the shrub frog

family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...

(

Rhacophoridae The Rhacophoridae are a family of frogs that occur in tropical sub-Saharan Africa, South India and Sri Lanka, Japan, northeastern India to eastern China and Taiwan, south through the Philippines and Greater Sundas, and Sulawesi. They are com ...

) and the related

Hylidae Hylidae is a wide-ranging family of frogs commonly referred to as " tree frogs and their allies". However, the hylids include a diversity of frog species, many of which do not live in trees, but are terrestrial or semiaquatic. Taxonomy and ...

make up the true tree frogs. They are found in India, Japan, Madagascar, Africa, and Southeast Asia. Over 40 species are currently recognised. These frogs have long toes with strong webbing between them, enabling the animals to slow their fall to a glide, a form of

arboreal locomotion Arboreal locomotion is the locomotion of animals in trees. In habitats in which trees are present, animals have evolved to move in them. Some animals may scale trees only occasionally, but others are exclusively arboreal. The habitats pose nu ...

known as parachuting. They are, therefore, among the anurans commonly known as "

flying frog A flying frog (also called a gliding frog) is a frog that has the ability to achieve gliding flight. This means it can descend at an angle less than 45° relative to the horizontal. Other nonflying arboreal frogs can also descend, but only at angle ...

s". The present genus is closely related to ''

Polypedates ''Polypedates'' is a genus of frogs in the family Rhacophoridae, the shrub frogs and Paleotropic tree frogs. They belong to subfamily Rhacophorinae. Members of this genus are collectively known as whipping frogs. They occur in eastern and south ...

'', which in former times was often included in ''Rhacophorus''. Even today, it is not fully resolved in which of these genera '' "P." feae'' and the

Chinese flying frog The Chinese flying frog or Chinese gliding frog (''Zhangixalus dennysi'') is a species of tree frog in the family Rhacophoridae found in China, Laos, Burma, and Vietnam. It is also known as Blanford's whipping frog, large treefrog, and Denny's wh ...

(''"R." dennysi'') properly belong, and the supposedly new species ''"P. pingbianensis"'' has turned out to be the same as '' R. duboisi''. Rhacophorus arboreus Eggｓ in Mount Ryu 2011-09-29

Rhacophorus arboreus Eggｓ in Mount Ryu 2011-09-29

Reproduction

These frogs lay their eggs in aerial foam nests; upon hatching,

tadpole A tadpole is the larval stage in the biological life cycle of an amphibian. Most tadpoles are fully aquatic, though some species of amphibians have tadpoles that are terrestrial. Tadpoles have some fish-like features that may not be found ...

s drop to the water under the nest and complete their development there.Some species like

Rhacophorus kio ''Rhacophorus kio'' is a species of flying frog in the family Rhacophoridae and is found in the rainforests of southeast Asia, in countries such as China, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam. Its ability to glide and its adhesive toe pads make it well ad ...

will wrap this and cover this foam nest with leaves.

Species

These species are recognised in the genus ''Rhacophorus'': * ''

Rhacophorus annamensis ''Rhacophorus annamensis'' is a species of frog in the family Rhacophoridae found in the Annamite Mountains in Cambodia and Vietnam. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest Tropical and subtropical moist broad ...

'' Smith, 1924 – Annam flying frog * ''

Rhacophorus baluensis ''Rhacophorus baluensis'' (common name: Balu flying frog) is a species of frog in the family Rhacophoridae found in northern Sabah and Sarawak in Malaysian Borneo. It is likely to be found in northern Kalimantan. Its natural habitats are submonta ...

'' Inger, 1954 * ''

Rhacophorus barisani ''Rhacophorus barisani'' is a species of frog in the family Rhacophoridae endemic to Indonesia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, rivers, and freshwater marshes. It is threatened by habitat loss Habitat ...

'' Harvey, Pemberton, and Smith, 2002 * ''

Rhacophorus bengkuluensis ''Rhacophorus'' is a genus of frogs in the shrub frog family (Rhacophoridae) and the related Hylidae make up the true tree frogs. They are found in India, Japan, Madagascar, Africa, and Southeast Asia. Over 40 species are currently recognised. ...

'' Streicher, Hamidy, Harvey, Anders, Shaney, Kurniawan, and Smith, 2014 * ''

Rhacophorus bifasciatus ''Rhacophorus bifasciatus'' is a species of frog in the family Rhacophoridae endemic to Indonesia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, and rivers. It is threatened ...

'' Van Kampen, 1923 * ''

Rhacophorus bipunctatus :''In sources published from 1999 onwards, the name ''Rhacophorus bipunctatus'' can also refer to '' R. rhodopus'' (see "Taxonomy" section).'' ''Rhacophorus bipunctatus'' is a frog species in the moss frog family ( Rhacophoridae) found from eas ...

'' Ahl, 1927 (including ''R. htunwini'') * ''

Rhacophorus borneensis ''Rhacophorus borneensis'' is a species of frog in the family Rhacophoridae. This recently (2013) described species is endemic to Malaysian Borneo where it is known from its type locality in the Maliau Basin Conservation Area, Sandakan Division, ...

'' Matsui, Shimada, and Sudin, 2013 * ''

Rhacophorus calcadensis ''Rhacophorus calcadensis'', also known as the Kalakad gliding frog, Kalakkad tree frog, and Langbian flying frog, is a species of frog in the family Rhacophoridae endemic to the southern Western Ghats in Kerala and Tamil Nadu states, In ...

'' Ahl, 1927 –

Kalakad gliding frog ''Rhacophorus calcadensis'', also known as the Kalakad gliding frog, Kalakkad tree frog, and Langbian flying frog, is a species of frog in the family Rhacophoridae endemic to the southern Western Ghats in Kerala and Tamil Nadu states, India. I ...

* ''

Rhacophorus calcaneus ''Rhacophorus calcaneus'' (vernacular name: Vietnam flying frog) is a species of frog in the family Rhacophoridae. It is endemic to Vietnam. It has been extensively confused with ''Rhacophorus robertingeri'', making it difficult to know its t ...

'' Smith, 1924 * ''

Rhacophorus catamitus ''Rhacophorus catamitus'' is a species of frogs in the family Rhacophoridae. It is endemic to Sumatra, Indonesia, and occurs in the Barisan Mountains at elevations of above sea level. Its natural habitats are tropical forests. Males call from l ...

'' Harvey, Pemberton, and Smith, 2002 * '' Rhacophorus edentulus'' Müller, 1894 * ''

Rhacophorus exechopygus ''Rhacophorus exechopygus'' is a species of frog in the family Rhacophoridae. It is found in the Central Highlands of Vietnam and in the adjacent Annamite Range in Laos. Its range may extend into northeastern Cambodia where suitable habitat ...

'' Inger, Orlov, and Darevsky, 1999 * ''

Rhacophorus georgii ''Rhacophorus georgii'' (common name: Tuwa flying frog) is a species of flying frog in the family Rhacophoridae endemic to Sulawesi, Indonesia. Its type locality ("Tuwa, Paluthal, West-Central Celebes") cannot be located, but it has recently bee ...

'' Roux, 1904 * ''

Rhacophorus helenae Helen's tree frog (''Rhacophorus helenae'') is a flying frogs found in low-lying forests of southern Vietnam, from Nui Ong Nature Reserve, Bình Thuận Province to jungle in Tân Phú District, Đồng Nai. It is named after Helen M. Rowley, mo ...

'' Rowley, Tran, Hoang & Le, 2012 – Helen's tree frog * '' Rhacophorus hoabinhensis'' Nguyen, Pham, Nguyen, Ninh, and Ziegler, 2017 * '' Rhacophorus hoanglienensis'' Orlov, Lathrop, Murphy, and Ho, 2001 * ''

Rhacophorus indonesiensis ''Rhacophorus indonesiensis'' is a species of frog in the family Rhacophoridae. It has been observed in Sumatra in India. This frog resembles other frogs in ''Rhacophorus'' closely. Its appearance differs in that it has black spots on the ven ...

'' Hamidy & Kurniati, 2015 * ''

'' Ohler & Delorme, 2005 – black-webbed treefrog * '' Rhacophorus laoshan'' Mo, Jiang, Xie, and Ohler, 2008 * ''

Rhacophorus larissae ''Rhacophorus larissae'', the Cao Bang tree frog, is a species of frog in the family Rhacophoridae. Scientists know it exclusively from the exactly one place: Lung Muoi in Vietnam's Cao Bang Province, approximately 1400 meters above sea level ...

'' Ostroshabov, Orlov, and Nguyen, 2013 * '' Rhacophorus lateralis'' Boulenger, 1883 * ''

Rhacophorus malabaricus The Malabar gliding frog or Malabar flying frog (''Rhacophorus malabaricus'') is a rhacophorid tree frog species found in the Western Ghats of India. Pictures The term "gliding" frog refers to its ability to break its fall by stretching ...

'' Jerdon, 1870 –

Malabar gliding frog The Malabar gliding frog or Malabar flying frog (''Rhacophorus malabaricus'') is a rhacophorid tree frog species found in the Western Ghats of India. Pictures The term "gliding" frog refers to its ability to break its fall by stretching ...

* '' Rhacophorus margaritifer'' (Schlegel, 1837) * ''

Rhacophorus marmoridorsum ''Rhacophorus pardalis'', the marbled flying tree frog, is a species of frog in the family Rhacophoridae. It is endemic to Vietnam Vietnam or Viet Nam ( vi, Việt Nam, ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam,., group="n" is a c ...

'' Orlov, 2008 * '' Rhacophorus modestus'' Boulenger, 1920 * '' Rhacophorus monticola'' Boulenger, 1896 * ''

Rhacophorus nigropalmatus Wallace's flying frog (''Rhacophorus nigropalmatus''), also known as the gliding frog or the Abah River flying frog, is a moss frog found at least from the Malay Peninsula into western Indonesia, and is present in Borneo and Sumatra. It is nam ...

'' Boulenger, 1895 – Wallace's flying frog * ''

Rhacophorus norhayatii ''Rhacophorus norhayatii'', the orange-sided whipping frog, Norhayati's gliding frog, or Wallace's orange-sided tree frog, is a species of frog in the family Rhacophoridae. It has been observed in Malaysia, Myanmar, and Thailand, though scie ...

'' Chan and Grismer, 2010 * ''

Rhacophorus orlovi ''Rhacophorus orlovi'' is a species of frog in the family Rhacophoridae. The species is endemic to Southeast Asia.Beolens B, Watkins M, Grayson M (2013). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Amphibians''. Exeter, England: Pelagic Publishing Ltd. xiii + 262 ...

'' Ziegler and Köhler, 2001 * '' Rhacophorus pardalis'' Günther, 1858 –

harlequin tree frog The harlequin tree frog (''Rhacophorus pardalis'') is a species of frog in the family Rhacophoridae found in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, subtro ...

* ''

Rhacophorus poecilonotus ''Rhacophorus poecilonotus'', also known as the Sumatra flying frog, is a species of frog in the family Rhacophoridae. It is endemic to Sumatra, Indonesia. Description ''Rhacophorus poecilonotus'' measure about in snout–vent length. The he ...

'' Boulenger, 1920 * '' Rhacophorus pseudomalabaricus'' Vasudevan and Dutta, 2000 * '' Rhacophorus reinwardtii'' (Schlegel, 1840) – black-webbed tree frog, green flying frog, Reinwardt's tree frog * '' Rhacophorus rhodopus'' Liu and Hu, 1960 (including ''R. namdaphaensis'', often included in ''R. bipunctatus'') * ''

Rhacophorus robertingeri ''Rhacophorus robertingeri'' is a species of frogs in the family Rhacophoridae endemic to Vietnam. First found in the Annamite Mountains of Vietnam, it is now known from mountain areas between Hà Giang or Nghệ An Province in the north and ...

'' Orlov, Poyarkov, Vassilieva, Ananjeva, Nguyen, Sang, and Geissler, 2012 * ''

Rhacophorus spelaeus ''Rhacophorus spelaeus'', the cave-dwelling tree frog, is a species of frog in the family Rhacophoridae. Scientists know it exclusively from the type locality, a limestone cave in Laos Laos (, ''Lāo'' )), officially the Lao People's ...

'' Orlov, Gnophanxay, Phimminith, and Phomphoumy, 2010 * ''

Rhacophorus subansiriensis ''Rhacophorus subansiriensis'' is a species of frog in the family Rhacophoridae. Scientists know it exclusively from the type locality in India: Lower Subansiri District in Arunachal Pradesh. Original publication * References Frogs of ...

'' Mathew and Sen, 2009 * '' Rhacophorus translineatus'' Wu, 1977 * ''

Rhacophorus tuberculatus ''Rhacophorus tuberculatus'' is a species of frog in the family Rhacophoridae found in eastern and northeastern India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, and West Bengal) and southeastern Tibet, China. It is known from tropical moist fore ...

'' (Anderson, 1871) * ''

Rhacophorus turpes ''Rhacophorus turpes'' (common names: Htingnan flying frog, Htingnan whipping treefrog) is a species of frog in the family Rhacophoridae. It is endemic to northern Myanmar. Little is known about this species that is only known from the original ...

'' Smith, 1940 * ''

Rhacophorus vampyrus Rhacophorus vampyrus (''Vampyrius vampyrus'') is a medium-sized species of flying frogs endemic to Vietnam. It is found in Southern Vietnam, and is not known to be found in other places globally. It Is in the kingdom Animalia, phylum Chordata ...

'' Rowley, Le, Thi, Stuart, and Hoang, 2010 – vampire tree frog * ''

Rhacophorus vanbanicus ''Rhacophorus vanbanicus'', the Van Ban treefrog, is a frog. It is endemic to Vietnam. Scientists know it exclusively from the type locality, 900 meters above sea level in the Van Ban District. It is suspected in China China, officia ...

'' Kropachev, Orlov, Ninh, and Nguyen, 2019 * '' Rhacophorus verrucopus'' Huang, 1983 * '' Rhacophorus viridimaculatus'' Ostroshabov, Orlov, and Nguyen, 2013

Phylogeny

The following is a partial phylogeny of ''Rhacophorus'' from Pyron & Wiens (2011). Only nine species are included. ''Rhacophorus'' is a

sister group In phylogenetics, a sister group or sister taxon, also called an adelphotaxon, comprises the closest relative(s) of another given unit in an evolutionary tree. Definition The expression is most easily illustrated by a cladogram: Taxon A and ...

of ''

''.

References

External links

Amphibian and Reptiles of Peninsular Malaysia - Family Rhacophoridae
{{Taxonbar, from=Q943540 Amphibians of Asia Amphibian genera Taxa named by Heinrich Kuhl Taxa named by Johan Conrad van Hasselt