''Reynoldsia'' is a formerly recognised

genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...

of plants in the ivy family,

Araliaceae The Araliaceae are a family of flowering plants composed of about 43 genera and around 1500 species consisting of primarily woody plants and some herbaceous plants commonly called the ginseng family. The morphology of Araliaceae varies widely ...

. In 2003,

Kew Gardens Kew Gardens is a botanical garden, botanic garden in southwest London that houses the "largest and most diverse botany, botanical and mycology, mycological collections in the world". Founded in 1759, from the exotic garden at Kew Park, its li ...

published a checklist for Araliaceae, in which eight species were recognized for ''Reynoldsia'': four from

Samoa Samoa, officially the Independent State of Samoa and known until 1997 as Western Samoa, is an island country in Polynesia, part of Oceania, in the South Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main islands (Savai'i and Upolu), two smaller, inhabited ...

, two from

Tahiti Tahiti (; Tahitian language, Tahitian , ; ) is the largest island of the Windward Islands (Society Islands), Windward group of the Society Islands in French Polynesia, an overseas collectivity of France. It is located in the central part of t ...

, one from the

Marquesas The Marquesas Islands ( ; or ' or ' ; Marquesan: ' ( North Marquesan) and ' ( South Marquesan), both meaning "the land of men") are a group of volcanic islands in French Polynesia, an overseas collectivity of France in the southern Pacific ...

, and one from

Hawaii Hawaii ( ; ) is an island U.S. state, state of the United States, in the Pacific Ocean about southwest of the U.S. mainland. One of the two Non-contiguous United States, non-contiguous U.S. states (along with Alaska), it is the only sta ...

.David G. Frodin and Rafaël Govaerts. 2003. ''World Checklist and Bibliography of Araliaceae''. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. . (See ''External links'' below). In 2010, a

phylogenetic In biology, phylogenetics () is the study of the evolutionary history of life using observable characteristics of organisms (or genes), which is known as phylogenetic inference. It infers the relationship among organisms based on empirical dat ...

comparison Comparison or comparing is the act of evaluating two or more things by determining the relevant, comparable characteristics of each thing, and then determining which characteristics of each are similar to the other, which are different, and t ...

of DNA data showed that ''Reynoldsia'' was

polyphyletic A polyphyletic group is an assemblage that includes organisms with mixed evolutionary origin but does not include their most recent common ancestor. The term is often applied to groups that share similar features known as Homoplasy, homoplasies ...

, consisting of two groups that are not each other's closest relatives.Gregory M. Plunkett and Porter P. Lowry II. 2010. "Paraphyly and polyphyly in ''Polyscias'' sensu lato: molecular evidence and the case for recircumscribing the "pinnate genera" of Araliaceae". ''Plant Diversity and Evolution'' (formerly ''Botanische Jahrbucher'') 128(1-2):23-54. . In a companion paper, three of the species were "sunk" into

synonymy A synonym is a word, morpheme, or phrase that means precisely or nearly the same as another word, morpheme, or phrase in a given language. For example, in the English language, the words ''begin'', ''start'', ''commence'', and ''initiate'' are a ...

with others, reducing the number of species to five.Porter P. Lowry II and Gregory M. Plunkett. 2010. "Recircumscription of ''Polyscias'' (Araliaceae) to include six related genera, with a new infrageneric classification and a synopsis of species". ''

Plant Diversity and Evolution This is a list of academic journals, monographic series Monographic series (alternatively, monographs in series) are scholarly and scientific books released in successive volumes, each of which is structured like a separate book or scholarly mo ...

'' (formerly ''Botanische Jahrbucher'') 128(1-2):55-84. . (See ''External links'' below). All species that were formerly in ''Reynoldsia'' are now in ''

Polyscias ''Polyscias'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araliaceae. They bear pinnately compound leaves. In 2003, a checklist and nomenclator was published for Araliaceae.David G. Frodin and Rafaël Govaerts. 2003. ''World Checklist and Bibl ...

'' subgenus Tetraplasandra, a

subgenus In biology, a subgenus ( subgenera) is a taxonomic rank directly below genus. In the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, a subgeneric name can be used independently or included in a species name, in parentheses, placed between the ge ...

of 21 species indigenous to

Malesia Malesia is a biogeographical region straddling the Equator and the boundaries of the Indomalayan and Australasian realms. It is a phytogeographical floristic region in the Paleotropical kingdom. It was first recognized as a distinct region ...

and the

Pacific islands The Pacific islands are a group of islands in the Pacific Ocean. They are further categorized into three major island groups: Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. Depending on the context, the term ''Pacific Islands'' may refer to one of several ...

. ''Reynoldsia'' was a genus of

shrub A shrub or bush is a small to medium-sized perennial woody plant. Unlike herbaceous plants, shrubs have persistent woody stems above the ground. Shrubs can be either deciduous or evergreen. They are distinguished from trees by their multiple ...

s to medium-sized

tree In botany, a tree is a perennial plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, usually supporting branches and leaves. In some usages, the definition of a tree may be narrower, e.g., including only woody plants with secondary growth, only ...

s, mostly of dry

habitat In ecology, habitat refers to the array of resources, biotic factors that are present in an area, such as to support the survival and reproduction of a particular species. A species' habitat can be seen as the physical manifestation of its ...

s, especially the

leeward In geography and seamanship, windward () and leeward () are directions relative to the wind. Windward is ''upwind'' from the point of reference, i.e., towards the direction from which the wind is coming; leeward is ''downwind'' from the point o ...

sides of

tropical The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the equator, where the sun may shine directly overhead. This contrasts with the temperate or polar regions of Earth, where the Sun can never be directly overhead. This is because of Earth's ax ...

. The leaves are

imparipinnate Pinnation (also called pennation) is the arrangement of feather-like or multi-divided features arising from both sides of a common axis. Pinnation occurs in biological morphology, in crystals, such as some forms of ice or metal crystals, and in ...

, and

alternate Alternative or alternate may refer to: Arts, entertainment and media * Alternative (''Kamen Rider''), a character in the Japanese TV series ''Kamen Rider Ryuki'' * Alternative comics, or independent comics are an alternative to mainstream superh ...

. The

leaf margin A leaf (: leaves) is a principal appendage of the plant stem, stem of a vascular plant, usually borne laterally above ground and specialized for photosynthesis. Leaves are collectively called foliage, as in "autumn foliage", while the leav ...

is never completely

entire Entire may refer to: * Entire function, a function that is holomorphic on the whole complex plane * Entire (animal), an indication that an animal is not neutered * Entire (botany) This glossary of botanical terms is a list of definitions o ...

, but varies from obscurely to patently dentate. considered ''Reynoldsia'' to be hard to

distinguish In law, to distinguish a case means a court decides the holding or legal reasoning of a precedent case that will not apply due to materially different facts between the two cases. Two formal constraints constrain the later court: the expresse ...

from '' Tetraplasandra'', another defunct genus to which it was closely related.William R. Philipson. 1970. "A redefinition of ''Gastonia'' and related genera (Araliaceae)". ''Blumea'' 18(2):497-505. In general, ''Reynoldsia'' can be recognized by its toothed leaflets, greater number of

ovary The ovary () is a gonad in the female reproductive system that produces ova; when released, an ovum travels through the fallopian tube/ oviduct into the uterus. There is an ovary on the left and the right side of the body. The ovaries are end ...

cells Cell most often refers to: * Cell (biology), the functional basic unit of life * Cellphone, a phone connected to a cellular network * Clandestine cell, a penetration-resistant form of a secret or outlawed organization * Electrochemical cell, a d ...

, and smaller number of

stamen The stamen (: stamina or stamens) is a part consisting of the male reproductive organs of a flower. Collectively, the stamens form the androecium., p. 10 Morphology and terminology A stamen typically consists of a stalk called the filament ...

s.Porter P. Lowry II. 1990. "Araliaceae", pages 224-237. In: Warren L. Wagner, Derral R. Herbst, and Sy H. Sohmer. ''Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii'', Revised Edition, 1999. Bishop Museum Press: Hololulu ''Polyscias sandwicensis'' (formerly ''Reynoldsia sandwicensis'') is cultivated, albeit rarely, in Hawaii.John L. Culliney and Bruce P. Koebele. 1999. ''A Native Hawaiian Garden''. University of Hawaii Press. . Instructions for its cultivation are available.Kerin E. Lilleeng-Rosenberger. 2005. ''Growing Hawaii's Native Plants''. Mutual Publishing.

Species

Eight species were listed by Frodin and Govaerts (2003) for ''Reynoldsia''. Lowry and Plunkett (2010) recognized only five of these, and placed them in ''Polyscias'' subgenus Tetraplasandra. The

synonyms A synonym is a word, morpheme, or phrase that means precisely or nearly the same as another word, morpheme, or phrase in a given language. For example, in the English language, the words ''begin'', ''start'', ''commence'', and ''initiate'' are a ...

given below are the species recognized by Frodin and Govaerts (2003). * '' Polyscias lanutoensis'' (= ''Reynoldsia lanutoensis'', ''Reynoldsia grayana'', ''Reynoldsia tauensis'') * '' Polyscias marchionensis'' (= '' Reynoldsia marchionensis'') * '' Polyscias pleiosperma'' (= ''Reynoldsia pleiosperma'') * ''

Polyscias sandwicensis ''Polyscias sandwicensis'' (formerly '' Reynoldsia sandwicensis''), known in Hawaiian as the 'ohe makai or ''Ohe kukuluāeo'', is a species of flowering plant in the family Araliaceae, that is endemic to Hawaii. It is a Hawaiian dry forest tre ...

'' (= '' Reynoldsia sandwicensis'') * '' Polyscias verrucosa'' (= '' Reynoldsia verrucosa'', ''Reynoldsia tahitiensis'')

History

The genus ''Reynoldsia'' was erected in 1854 by

Asa Gray Asa Gray (November 18, 1810 – January 30, 1888) is considered the most important American botany, botanist of the 19th century. His ''Darwiniana'' (1876) was considered an important explanation of how religion and science were not necessaril ...

''Reynoldsia'' in

International Plant Names Index The International Plant Names Index (IPNI) describes itself as "a database of the names and associated basic bibliographical details of seed plants, ferns and lycophytes." Coverage of plant names is best at the rank of species and genus. It inclu ...

. (see ''External links'' below). in his account of the

botany Botany, also called plant science, is the branch of natural science and biology studying plants, especially Plant anatomy, their anatomy, Plant taxonomy, taxonomy, and Plant ecology, ecology. A botanist or plant scientist is a scientist who s ...

of the

United States Exploring Expedition The United States Exploring Expedition of 1838–1842 was an exploring and surveying expedition of the Pacific Ocean and surrounding lands conducted by the United States. The original appointed commanding officer was Commodore Thomas ap Catesby ...

(1838-1842).Asa Gray. 1854. Series: ''United States Exploring Expedition (1838-1842)''; Volume 15: ''Botany. Phanerogamia.'':723. (See ''External links'' below). The genus was named for Jeremiah N. Reynolds, a

plant collector A botanical specimen, also called a plant specimen, is a biological specimen of a plant (or part of a plant) used for scientific purposes. Preserved collections of algae, fungi, slime molds, and other organisms traditionally studied by botanists a ...

Chile Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in western South America. It is the southernmost country in the world and the closest to Antarctica, stretching along a narrow strip of land between the Andes, Andes Mountains and the Paci ...

in the early 19th century.Umberto Quattrocchi. 2000. ''CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names'' volume IV. CRC Press: Boca Raton; New York; Washington, DC;, USA. London, UK. (set). (see ''External links'' below). Gray named two species: ''Reynoldsia pleiosperma'' from

and ''Reynoldsia sandwicensis'' from

. John Hutchinson designated the latter as the

type species In International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature, zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the spe ...

for ''Reynoldsia'' in 1967.John Hutchinson. 1967. ''The Genera of Flowering Plants'' 2:58. This is not recorded in

Index Nominum Genericorum Index (: indexes or indices) may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Fictional entities * Index (A Certain Magical Index), Index (''A Certain Magical Index''), a character in the light novel series ''A Certain Magical Index'' * The Index, a ...

, where such information is usually found.''Reynoldsia'' In: Index Nominum Genericorum. In:

Regnum Vegetabile The International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT) is an organization established to promote an understanding of plant biodiversity, facilitate international communication of research between botanists, and oversee matters of uniformity and ...

(see ''External links'' below).

Berthold Carl Seemann Berthold Carl Seemann (25 February 1825, in Kingdom of Hanover – 10 October 1871, in Nicaragua) was a German botanist. He travelled widely and collected and described plants from the Pacific and South America. In 1844 he travelled to the Unit ...

named a

an species, ''Reynoldsia verrucosa'', in 1864.Berthold Carl Seemann. 1864. page 245. In: "Revision of the natural order Hederaceae" pages 235-309. ''Journal of Botany, British and Foreign'' volume 2 (1864). (See ''External links'' below). In 1873, :fr:Jean Nadeaud named another Tahitian species, ''Reynoldsia tahitensis''.Jean Nadeaud. 1873. ''Énumeration des Plantes Indigènes de l'Île de Tahiti recueillies et classées / par J. Nadeaud. Paris'':63. F. Savy. (See ''External links'' below). Many authors, such as Forest B. H. Brown, did not accept ''R. tahitensis'' as a separate species from ''R. verrucosa''. In 1925, Bénédict P.G. Hochreutiner named a second species from Samoa, ''Reynoldsia lanutoensis''.Bénédict P.G. Hochreutiner. 1925. ''Candollea''2():482. In 1935, a third species from Samoa, ''Reynoldsia grayana'' was named by

Erling Christophersen Erling Christophersen (April 17, 1898 – November 9, 1994) was a Norwegian botanist, geographer and diplomat. He participated in and led several notable scientific expeditions in the 20th century, including the fifth Tanager Expedition (1924) to N ...

.Erling Christophersen. 1935. "Flowering Plants of Samoa". ''Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin'' no. 128:161. Christophersen suggested that some plants from a place called Tau might be a fourth species of ''Reynoldsia'' in Samoa. Also in 1935, ''Reynoldsia marchionensis'', a species from the

, was named by Forest B.H. Brown.Forest B.H. Brown. 1935. "Flora of Southeastern Polynesia. III. Dicotyledons". ''Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin'' no. 130:209. The rare Samoan

endemic Endemism is the state of a species being found only in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also foun ...

, ''Reynoldsia tauensis'', was finally

published Publishing is the activities of making information, literature, music, software, and other content, physical or digital, available to the public for sale or free of charge. Traditionally, the term publishing refers to the creation and distribu ...

as a separate species in 1968 by Albert C. Smith and

Benjamin Clemens Stone Benjamin Clemens Masterman Stone (July 26, 1933, Shanghai, China – March 19, 1994, Manila, Philippines) was a British– American botanist. Biography Stone was born in Shanghai, China to a British father, who worked for the government, and ...

.Albert C. Smith and Benjamin C. Stone. 1968. page 465. In: "Studies of Pacific Island Plants, XIX. The Araliaceae of the New Hebrides, Fiji, Samoa, and Tonga". ''Journal of the Arnold Arboretum'' 49(4):431-501. (See ''External links'' below). Some

sources Source may refer to: Research * Historical document * Historical source * Source (intelligence) or sub source, typically a confidential provider of non open-source intelligence * Source (journalism), a person, publication, publishing institute ...

state that there are two species of ''Reynoldsia'' in the

Society Islands The Society Islands ( , officially ; ) are an archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean that includes the major islands of Tahiti, Mo'orea, Moorea, Raiatea, Bora Bora and Huahine. Politically, they are part of French Polynesia, an overseas country ...

, and this error has been copied from one source to another.David J. Mabberley. 2008. ''Mabberley's Plant-Book'' third edition (2008). Cambridge University Press: UK. . (See ''External links'' below). An examination of the

reference A reference is a relationship between objects in which one object designates, or acts as a means by which to connect to or link to, another object. The first object in this relation is said to ''refer to'' the second object. It is called a ''nam ...

s cited here shows that ''R. marchionensis'' is the only

species name In taxonomy, binomial nomenclature ("two-term naming system"), also called binary nomenclature, is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use Latin grammatical forms, altho ...

in ''Reynoldsia'' that was ever published for a

plant Plants are the eukaryotes that form the Kingdom (biology), kingdom Plantae; they are predominantly Photosynthesis, photosynthetic. This means that they obtain their energy from sunlight, using chloroplasts derived from endosymbiosis with c ...

from the Society Islands. Earl Edward Sherff believed that there were eight species of ''Reynoldsia'' in Hawaii.Earl Edward Sherff. 1952. "Further studies of Hawaiian Araliaceae: Additions to ''Cheirodendron helleri'' Sherff and a preliminary treatment of the endemic species of ''Reynoldsia'' A. Gray". ''Botanical Leaflets'' 6(section II):6-19. In 1952, he published

names A name is a term used for identification by an external observer. They can identify a class or category of things, or a single thing, either uniquely, or within a given context. The entity identified by a name is called its referent. A person ...

for these, as well as descriptions and an

identification key In biology, an identification key, taxonomic key, or frequently just key, is a printed or computer-aided device that aids in the identification of biological organisms. Historically, the most common type of identification key is the dichotomous k ...

. Subsequent authors have regarded these

as merely regional

variants Variant may refer to: Arts and entertainment * ''Variant'' (magazine), a former British cultural magazine * Variant cover, an issue of comic books with varying cover art * ''Variant'' (novel), a novel by Robison Wells * " The Variant", 2021 epis ...

or forms of ''Reynoldsia sandwicensis''. In 2003, a

checklist A checklist is a type of job aid used in repetitive tasks to reduce failure by compensating for potential limits of human memory and attention. Checklists are used both to ensure that safety-critical system preparations are carried out completely ...

and nomenclator was published for Araliaceae. Eight species were recognized therein. The authors stated that ''Reynoldsia'' is "seen as biphyletic". The biphyly of ''Reynoldsia'' was

confirmed In Christian denominations that practice infant baptism, confirmation is seen as the sealing of the covenant created in baptism. Those being confirmed are known as confirmands. The ceremony typically involves laying on of hands. Catholicis ...

in 2007, in a

molecular phylogenetic Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to ...

study Study or studies may refer to: General * Education **Higher education * Clinical trial * Experiment * Field of study * Observational study * Scientific study * Research * Study skills, abilities and approaches applied to learning Other * Study ...

of what is now called ''Polyscias'' subgenus Tetraplasandra.Annemarie Costello and Timothy J. Motley. 2007. "Phylogenetics of the Tetraplasandra Group (Araliaceae) Inferred from ITS, 5S-NTS, and Morphology". ''Systematic Botany'' 32(2):464-477. It was confirmed again, in 2010, in a study of

DNA sequence A nucleic acid sequence is a succession of bases within the nucleotides forming alleles within a DNA (using GACT) or RNA (GACU) molecule. This succession is denoted by a series of a set of five different letters that indicate the order of the nu ...

s of selected

gene In biology, the word gene has two meanings. The Mendelian gene is a basic unit of heredity. The molecular gene is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that is transcribed to produce a functional RNA. There are two types of molecular genes: protei ...

s in the

pinnate Pinnation (also called pennation) is the arrangement of feather-like or multi-divided features arising from both sides of a common axis. Pinnation occurs in biological morphology, in crystals, such as some forms of ice or metal crystals, and ...

genera of Araliaceae. In an accompanying paper in

, all of the pinnate Araliaceae were placed in the large genus ''Polyscias'', thus raising the number of species in that genus from about 100 to 159, not counting about 90 species that will be published in forthcoming papers. Six of the genera that were recognized in the 2003 checklist ('' Arthrophyllum, Cuphocarpus, Gastonia, Reynoldsia, Munroidendron,'' and '' Tetraplasandra'') were subsumed into ''Polyscias''. ''Polyscias'' was then divided into 11 subgenera (

, Grotefendia, Maralia, Arthrophyllum, Cuphocarpus, Tetraplasandra, Eupteron, Sciadopanax, Tieghemopanax, Indokingia, and Palmervandenbroekia) and 7 species ('' Polyscias acuminata'', ''

Polyscias macdowallii ''Polyscias'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araliaceae. They bear pinnately compound leaves. In 2003, a checklist and nomenclator was published for Araliaceae.David G. Frodin and Rafaël Govaerts. 2003. ''World Checklist and Bibl ...

'', '' Polyscias mollis'', ''

Polyscias murrayi ''Polyscias murrayi'', known as the pencil cedar, is a very common rainforest tree of eastern Australia. It occurs as a secondary regeneration species in disturbed rainforest areas, often on hillsides. The tree is identified by cylindrical tru ...

'', '' Polyscias ledermannii'', '' Polyscias pentamera'', and '' Polyscias purpurea'') were placed in ''Polyscias''

incertae sedis or is a term used for a taxonomy (biology), taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Alternatively, such groups are frequently referred to as "enigmatic taxa". In the system of open nomenclature, uncertainty ...

(not in any subgroup thereof). All of the species of the former ''Reynoldsia'' are now in ''Polyscias'' subgenus Tetraplasandra. This subgenus consists of the four south Pacific species that were in ''Reynoldsia'', four of the six species that Philipson had placed in ''Polyscias''

section Section, Sectioning, or Sectioned may refer to: Arts, entertainment and media * Section (music), a complete, but not independent, musical idea * Section (typography), a subdivision, especially of a chapter, in books and documents ** Section sig ...

Eupteron,William R. Philipson. 1979. "Araliaceae" In: ''Flora Malesiana'', series 1, volume 9, part 1: 1-105. (part 1). (See ''External links'' below). the two

Malesian Malesia is a biogeographical region straddling the Equator and the boundaries of the Indomalayan and Australasian realms. It is a phytogeographical floristic region in the Paleotropical kingdom. It was first recognized as a distinct region in ...

species that had been in ''Gastonia'',William R. Philipson. 1970. "The Malesian species of ''Gastonia'' (Araliaceae)". ''Blumea'' 18(2):491-495. and a Hawaiian

clade In biology, a clade (), also known as a Monophyly, monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that is composed of a common ancestor and all of its descendants. Clades are the fundamental unit of cladistics, a modern approach t ...

of 11 species. The Hawaiian clade consists of the

sister species In phylogenetics, a sister group or sister taxon, also called an adelphotaxon, comprises the closest relative(s) of another given unit in an evolutionary tree. Definition The expression is most easily illustrated by a cladogram: Taxon A and ...

'' (formerly '' Reynoldsia sandwicensis'') and '' Polyscias racemosa'' (formerly '' Munroidendron racemosum''), as well as a

monophyletic In biological cladistics for the classification of organisms, monophyly is the condition of a taxonomic grouping being a clade – that is, a grouping of organisms which meets these criteria: # the grouping contains its own most recent co ...

group of nine species that had been in '' Tetraplasandra'' as

defined A definition is a statement of the meaning of a term (a word, phrase, or other set of symbols). Definitions can be classified into two large categories: intensional definitions (which try to give the sense of a term), and extensional definitio ...

by Philipson in 1970. When ''Polyscias'' was recircumscribed in 2010, the authors did not recognize all of the eight species that had been recognized in 2003. They placed ''R. grayana'' and ''R. tauensis'' into synonymy under ''R. lanutoensis''. They likewise subsumed ''R. tahitiensis'' into ''R. verrucosa''. The resulting five species were transferred to ''Polyscias'' as ''P. lanutoensis'', ''P. pleiosperma'', ''P. marchionensis'', ''P. verrucosa'', and ''P. sandwicensis''.

References

Sources

Gregory M. Plunkett, Jun Wen, Porter P. Lowry II, Murray J. Henwood, Pedro Fiaschi, and Anthony D. Mitchell. accepted, undated. Araliaceae, pages ??. In: Klaus Kubitzki (editor); ?? (volume editor). ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume ??. Springer-Verlag: Berlin; Heidelberg, Germany. ISBN ??

External links

World Checklist and Bibliography of AraliaceaeWorld ChecklistskewbooksKew Gardens

Lowry & Plunkett.2010Hawaii BarcodingUniversity of Hawaii at Hilo

''Reynoldsia''Plant NamesIPNI

''Reynoldsia'', page 723View BookBotany. Phanerogamia.Gray, Asa, 1810-1888GAuthorsBHL

CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: R-ZBotany & Plant ScienceLife ScienceCRC Press

''Reynoldsia''Index Nominum GenericorumResearch and CollectionsSmithsonian National Museum of Natural History

''Reynoldsia verrucosa''Revision of the natural order Hederaceae, pages 235-309View BookJournal of botany, British and foreign volume 2 (1864)JTitlesBiodiversity Heritage Library

''Reynoldsia tahitensis'', page 63Full ViewEnumération des plantes indigènes de l'île de Tahiti recueillies et classées / par J. Nadeaud.The Online Books Page (beginning with "Nadeaud")The Online Books PageUniversity of Pennsylvania Libraries

''Reynoldsia tauensis'', page 465View BookJournal of the Arnold Arboretum vol. 49 (1968)JTitlesBHL

''Reynoldsia''Mabberley's Plant-Book

Flora Malesiana home page

''Reynoldsia'' (Search Exact)
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''Polyscias sandwicensis''''Polyscias''AraliaceaeApialesAsteranaeMagnoliopsidaAngiospermaeHierarchy List for Kingdom Plantae from Kingdom to ClassData Access and ToolsITIS

''Reynoldsia sandwicensis''Forestry ExtensionNREMDepartments and UnitsCTAHRAcademicsUH Manoa

''Reynoldsia sandwicensis'' (ohe makai)List by Scientific NameHawaiian Ethnobotany Online DatabaseBishop Museum

''Polyscias sandwicensis''AraliaceeFamily IndexPlants of HawaiiStarr EnvironmentalHawaiian Ecosystems at Risk
{{Taxonbar, from=Q7319692 Historically recognized angiosperm genera Araliaceae Apiales genera Polyscias