Reynardine is a traditional English

ballad A ballad is a form of verse, often a narrative set to music. Ballads were particularly characteristic of the popular poetry and song of Great Britain and Ireland from the Late Middle Ages until the 19th century. They were widely used across Eur ...

( Roud 397). In the versions most commonly sung and recorded today, Reynardine is a werefox who attracts beautiful women so that he can take them away to his castle. What fate meets them there is usually left ambiguous.

The Mountains High

The original English

s upon which Reynardine are based, most of which date to the

Victorian era In the history of the United Kingdom and the British Empire, the Victorian era was the reign of Queen Victoria, from 20 June 1837 until her death on 22 January 1901. Slightly different definitions are sometimes used. The era followed the ...

, are generally found under the title The Mountains High. In the original story, Ranordine (also given as Rinordine, Rinor Dine, Ryner Dyne, Rine-a-dine, Rynadine, Retterdyne, Randal Rhin or Randal Rine) is a bandit or outlaw who encounters a young woman in the wilderness and seduces or abducts her. The song ends with a warning to young women to beware of strange men. "The Mountains High" appears not to be very old, since only one version was collected before 1800. A version appears in George Petrie's 1855 collection of ballads; other variants appear in a number of broadside ballads from the nineteenth century. Washington Irving relates that the song had crossed the Atlantic and was being sung in

Kentucky Kentucky (, ), officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky, is a landlocked U.S. state, state in the Southeastern United States, Southeastern region of the United States. It borders Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio to the north, West Virginia to the ...

before 1832, and that it spread through North America in the nineteenth century as well. A text of a circa 1814 broadside''
Ballads Catalogue: Harding B 25(1273)
:A new Song, called the :MOUTAINS icHIGH. :ONE evening in my rambles two miles below Pimroy, :I met a farmer's daughter all on the mountains high, :Her beauty so enticed me, I could not pass her by, :So with my gun I'll guard her, all on the mountains high.→ :I said my pretty creature I'm glad to meet you here, :On these lonesome mountains, your beauty shines so clear, :She said kind sir, be civil, my company forsake, :For it is my opinion I fear you are some rake. :Said he I am no rake, I'm brought up in Venus' train, :I'm seeking for concealment, all in the judge's name, :Oh! if my parents they did know your life they would destroy, :For keeping of my company, all on the mountains high. :I said my pretty creature don't let your parents know, :For if you do they'll ruin me and prove my overthrow, :This pretty little young thing she stood all in amaze, :With eyes as bright as Amber upon me she did gaze. :Her ruby lips and cherry cheeks, the lass of Firmadie, :She fainted in my arms there, all on the mountains high, :When I had kissed her once or twice, she came to herself again, :And said kind Sir be civil and tell to me your name. :Go down in yonder forest, my castle there you'll find, :Well wrote in ancient history, my name is Rynadine: :Come all you pretty fair maids, a warning take by me, :Be sure you quit night walking, and shun bad company, :For if you don't you are sure to rue until the day you die :Beware of meeting Rynadine all on the mountains high. :::::Wood, Printer, Liverpool.

A. L. Lloyd's contributions

According to folklorist Stephen Winick, although the name "Reynardine" is found in one 19th century version, the association with foxes, as well as Reynardine's supernatural characteristics, first arise in connection with a fragment of the ballad (a single stanza) that was collected in 1904 by Herbert Hughes. The source's recollection of the ballad was that Reynardine was an Irish "faëry" who could turn into a fox. This ability (which is not suggested in any extant version of "The Mountains High") may have derived from the word "Reynardine": ''renard'' is French for " fox," deriving from the trickster figure

Reynard Reynard the Fox is a list of literary cycles, literary cycle of medieval allegorical Folklore of the Low Countries, Dutch, English folklore, English, French folklore, French and German folklore, German fables. The first extant versions of the cy ...

. Winick points out that Hughes and a friend named Joseph Campbell (not to be confused with the mythologist) wrote short poems incorporating this stanza and the fox interpretation, aspects of which A. L. Lloyd in turn adapted for his versions of "Reynardine" (see Winick 2004). Winick also shows that Lloyd's versions incorporate several striking turns of phrase, including "sly, bold Reynardine" and "his teeth did brightly shine", that are found neither in the original ballads, nor in Hughes' or Campbell's versions. Lloyd generally represented his versions of "Reynardine" as "authentic" folksongs (going so far as to claim to have collected the song from one "Tom Cook, of Eastbridge, Suffolk"), but this informant has never apparently been encountered by any other collector. Lloyd's claims have led to the current state of confusion; few modern singers know that the " werefox" interpretation of the ballad is not traditional. Lloyd's reworkings are certainly more interesting to the modern listener than the simple and moralistic original ballads, and have gained far greater interest from singers and songwriters; his versions of "Reynardine" have served as inspiration for many additional modern reworkings.

Modern recordings

Modern versions of the song have been recorded for the following albums: *1964: '' Folk Roots, New Routes'' by

Shirley Collins Shirley Elizabeth Collins MBE (born 5 July 1935) is an English folk singer who was a significant contributor to the British Folk Revival of the 1960s and 1970s. She often performed and recorded with her sister Dolly, whose accompaniment on ...

and

Davey Graham David Michael Gordon "Davey" Graham (originally spelled Davy Graham) (26 November 1940 – 15 December 2008) was a British nationality, British guitarist and one of the most influential figures in the 1960s British folk revival. He inspired many ...

*1967: '' Fire & Fleet & Candlelight'' by Buffy Sainte-Marie *1969: '' Liege & Lief'' by Fairport Convention *1969: ''Prince Heathen'' by

Martin Carthy Martin Dominic Forbes Carthy MBE (born 21 May 1941) is an English singer and guitarist who has remained one of the most influential figures in English folk music, inspiring contemporaries such as Bob Dylan and Paul Simon, as well as later ar ...

and Dave Swarbrick *1971: '' Anne Briggs'' by Anne Briggs *1971: '' Rosemary Lane'' by Bert Jansch *1972: ''On the Mountains High'' by Margaret MacArthur *1976: ''Airs and Graces'' by June Tabor *1977: ''A Maid in Bedlam'' by John Renbourn *1977: ''Dark Ships in the Forest'' by Roberts and Barrand *1992: ''Weaving my Ancestors' Voices'' by Sheila Chandra *1993: ''Live in Concert'' by Green Fields of America *2001: ''Arthur the King'' by Maddy Prior *2003: ''Country Life'' by Show of Hands *2005: '' Milkwhite Sheets'' by Isobel Campbell *2008: '' Changing Trains'' by Mozaik *2008: '' Poor Man's Heaven'' by Seth Lakeman *2010: '' Genuine Negro Jig'' by Carolina Chocolate Drops *2012: ''La Strega and the Cunning Man In the Smoke'' by Dylan Carlson (as Drcarlsonalbion) *2013: My Celtic Heart by Heather Dale *2015: ''Falling with a Thousand Stars and Other Wonders from the House Of Albion'' by Dylan Carlson (as Drcarlsonalbion) and Coleman Grey *2016: ''On the Lonesome Plain'' by Donal Clancy (son of Liam Clancy) *2017: ''Trails and Tribulations'' by Martin Simpson *2021: ''Fallow Ground'' by Spiers and Boden

References

Notes

Other sources

* *vWinick, Stephen D. "Resurrecting Reynardine: Authorship and Authenticity in the Afterlife of a British Broadside Ballad

freely available reworked version of the ''Folklore'' article.

External links

Fascimile
of the c.1814 broadside of "The Mountains High" which is quoted above, at the Bodleian Librar
Broadside Ballads Project

Fascimile
of an undated 19th century broadside under the title "Reynardine" at the Bodleian Librar
Broadside Ballads Project.
Compare to below.

Text of a version incorporating Lloyd's changes. (

MIDI Musical Instrument Digital Interface (; MIDI) is an American-Japanese technical standard that describes a communication protocol, digital interface, and electrical connectors that connect a wide variety of electronic musical instruments, ...

file of the tune can be played)
Reynardine
a prominent character in the webcomic " Gunnerkrigg Court."
MP3 of Reynardine
performed by Daniel Dutton and Susan Alcorn
Song version of Reynardine
as recorded by Fairport Convention on their classic album '' Liege and Lief''.
"Reynardine"
by Andy Irvine (2006) * {{Authority control Ballads English folk songs Songs about foxes Songs about werewolves Songs about talking animals Songs about fictional male characters Fairport Convention songs English folklore Year of song unknown Reynard cycle