''Response elements'' are short sequences of

DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid (; DNA) is a polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix. The polymer carries genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth and reproduction of al ...

within a gene promoter or enhancer region that are able to bind specific

transcription factor In molecular biology, a transcription factor (TF) (or sequence-specific DNA-binding factor) is a protein that controls the rate of transcription (genetics), transcription of genetics, genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA, by binding t ...

s and regulate transcription of

gene In biology, the word gene has two meanings. The Mendelian gene is a basic unit of heredity. The molecular gene is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that is transcribed to produce a functional RNA. There are two types of molecular genes: protei ...

s. Under conditions of stress, a transcription activator protein binds to the response element and stimulates transcription. If the same response element sequence is located in the control regions of different genes, then these genes will be activated by the same stimuli, thus producing a coordinated response.

Hormone response element

A hormone response element (HRE) is a short sequence of

within the promoter of a gene, that is able to bind to a specific hormone receptor complex and therefore regulate transcription. The sequence is most commonly a pair of

inverted repeat An inverted repeat (or IR) is a single stranded sequence of nucleotides followed downstream by its complementarity (molecular biology), reverse complement. The intervening sequence of nucleotides between the initial sequence and the reverse complem ...

s separated by three nucleotides, which also indicates that the receptor binds as a dimer. Specifically, HRE responds to steroid hormones, as the activated steroid receptor is the transcription factor binding HRE. This regulates the transcription of genes signalled by the steroid hormone. A gene may have many different response elements, allowing complex control to be exerted over the level and rate of transcription. HRE are used in

transgenic A transgene is a gene that has been transferred naturally, or by any of a number of genetic engineering techniques, from one organism to another. The introduction of a transgene, in a process known as transgenesis, has the potential to change the ...

animal cells as inducers of gene expression. Examples of HREs include estrogen response elements and androgen response elements.

Examples

Examples of response elements include: *

Nuclear receptor In the field of molecular biology, nuclear receptors are a class of proteins responsible for sensing steroids, thyroid hormones, vitamins, and certain other molecules. These intracellular receptors work with other proteins to regulate the ex ...

(NR) response elements – two 6-meric repeats for dimeric binding ** Type 1 NR response elements: inverted repeat *** estrogen response elements (EREs) *** androgen response elements (AREs) *** glucocorticoid response elements (GREs) ** Type 2 NR response elements: direct repeat RGKTCA motifs, canonically AGGTCA *** Vitamin D response element (VDRE) *** Retinoic acid response elements (RAREs) *** ROR-response element *** Thyroid hormone response element *** Growth hormone response element (GHRE) *** Peroxisome proliferator hormone response elements (PPREs) * cAMP response element (CRE) * B recognition element * AhR-, dioxin- or xenobiotic- responsive element (XRE) * Hypoxia-responsive elements (HREs) * Serum response element (SRE) * Metal-responsive element (MRE) *DNA damage response element (DRE) * IFN-stimulated response elements (ISREs)
Calcium-response element CaRE1
* Antioxidant response element (ARE) * p53 response element * Sterol regulatory element (StRE) * Polycomb response elements (PREs) * Rev response element (RRE) * Wnt response element (WRE), core CTTTG

References

External links

* {{Transcription DNA