Red And Black Column
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The Red and Black Column () was a
column A column or pillar in architecture and structural engineering is a structural element that transmits, through compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural elements below. In other words, a column is a compression member ...
of the
confederal militias The confederal militias were a movement of people's militia during the Spanish Civil War organized by the Spanish anarchist movement: the National Confederation of Labor (CNT) and the Iberian Anarchist Federation (FAI). The CNT militias repl ...
that fought in the
Spanish Civil War The Spanish Civil War () was a military conflict fought from 1936 to 1939 between the Republican faction (Spanish Civil War), Republicans and the Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War), Nationalists. Republicans were loyal to the Left-wing p ...
. It was initially established to participate in the Mallorca landings, but after the expedition was defeated, it became the fifth anarchist militia to be dispatched to the Aragon front. The column's position on the front was adjacent to the militia of the Workers' Party of Marxist Unification (POUM), but the two refused to collaborate with each other. The column participated in the establishment of the Regional Defence Council of Aragon and later merged into the Ascaso Column. In early 1937, it was
militarised Militarization, or militarisation, is the process by which a society organizes itself for military conflict and violence. It is related to militarism, which is an ideology that reflects the level of militarization of a state. The process of mili ...
and transformed into the
127th Mixed Brigade The 127th Mixed Brigade was a unit of the Spanish Republican Army The Spanish Republican Army () was the main branch of the Spanish Republican Armed Forces, Armed Forces of the Second Spanish Republic between 1931 and 1939. It became known as Pe ...
of the
Popular Army of the Republic The Spanish Republican Army () was the main branch of the Armed Forces of the Second Spanish Republic between 1931 and 1939. It became known as People's Army of the Republic (''Ejército Popular de la República'') after it was reorganized, follo ...
. During the
May Days The May Days (, ), sometimes also called May Events (, ), were a series of clashes between 3 and 8 May 1937 during which factions on the Republican faction (Spanish Civil War), Republican side of the Spanish Civil War engaged one another in str ...
, members of the former Red and Black Column attempted to abandon the front and go to Barcelona, but they were turned back after intervention from anarchist officials and the Republican military.


Formation

In the lead up to the
July 1936 military uprising in Barcelona The July 1936 military uprising in Barcelona, also known as the Battle of Barcelona, was a mutiny that occurred in Barcelona, the capital of Catalonia, from 19 to 20 July 1936. The uprising was carried out by the Nationalist faction of the Spa ...
, on 17 July, the anarchist defence committee members
Juan Yagüe Juan Yagüe y Blanco, 1st Marquis of San Leonardo de Yagüe (9 November 1891 – 21 October 1952) was a Spanish military officer during the Spanish Civil War, one of the most important in the Nationalist side. He became known as the "Butcher of ...
and Julián Merino raided the ships in the
port of Barcelona The Port of Barcelona (, ; ) is a major port in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. Its are divided into three zones: Port Vell (the Old Port), the commercial/industrial port, and the logistics port (Barcelona Free Port). The port is managed by the Port ...
and seized the weapons on board. After the uprising was defeated in Barcelona, the Catalan revolutionaries organised a number of militia columns to fight against the
Nationalists Nationalism is an idea or movement that holds that the nation should be congruent with the state. As a movement, it presupposes the existence and tends to promote the interests of a particular nation, Smith, Anthony. ''Nationalism: Theory, Id ...
in
Aragon Aragon ( , ; Spanish and ; ) is an autonomous communities of Spain, autonomous community in Spain, coextensive with the medieval Kingdom of Aragon. In northeastern Spain, the Aragonese autonomous community comprises three provinces of Spain, ...
. The first two columns, the
Durruti Column The Durruti Column (Spanish: ''Columna Durruti''), with about 6,000 people, was the largest anarchist column (or military unit) formed during the Spanish Civil War. During the first months of the war, it became the most recognized and popular mil ...
and South Ebro Column, were sent by the
anarchists Anarchism is a political philosophy and movement that seeks to abolish all institutions that perpetuate authority, coercion, or hierarchy, primarily targeting the state and capitalism. Anarchism advocates for the replacement of the state w ...
. They were followed soon after by the anarchist Ascaso Column, then by the Del Barrio Column of the
Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia The Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia (, PSUC) was a communist political party active in Catalonia between 1936 and 1997. It was the Catalan branch of the Communist Party of Spain and the only party not from a sovereign state to be a full membe ...
(PSUC) and the Rovira-Arquer Column of Workers' Party of Marxist Unification (POUM). In August, the anarchists sent their fourth column, the Aguiluchos Column. During this time, Juan Yagüe put together the Red and Black Column () for the Battle of Majorca, but the expedition to take the island was ultimately unsuccessful. Antònia Fontanillas Borràs had convinced Yagüe to allow her to join the column and participate in the Mallorca landings, but her father made her stay behind. Two of her friends joined the Mallorca expedition and one went on to fight on the Aragon front. In mid-September, the Red and Black Column was sent to the Aragon front as the anarchists' fifth militia column. The column was commanded by the syndicalist José García Pradas, with Luis Jiménez Pajarero as the column's military advisor. The Column was politically led by Juan Yagüe, who died on the front lines later that month.


Aragon front

The Red and Black Column established its barracks in Azuara, approximately six kilometres behind the front line. There they established a local union of the ''
Confederación Nacional del Trabajo The (CNT; ) is a Spanish anarcho-syndicalist national trade union center, trade union confederation. Founded in 1910 in Barcelona from groups brought together by the trade union ''Solidaridad Obrera (historical union), Solidaridad Obrera'', ...
'' (CNT) and a group of the
Libertarian Youth The Iberian Federation of Libertarian Youth ( (FIJL)), sometimes abbreviated as Libertarian Youth (''Juventudes Libertarias''), is a anarcho-syndicalist organisation created in 1932 in Madrid.Esenwein, p.269 History The FIJL was created in 1932 ...
, which fielded many of the militia's members. Members of the Red and Black Column attended town meetings, and according to
Augustin Souchy Augustin Souchy Bauer (28 August 1892 – 1 January 1984) was a Silesian anarchist, antimilitarist, labor union official and journalist. He traveled widely and wrote extensively about the Spanish Civil War and intentional communities. He ...
, maintained a "cordial relationship" with the town's inhabitants. Near the front line in
Angüés Angüés is a municipality located in the province of Huesca, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2018 census ( INE), the municipality has a population of 367 inhabitants. See also * List of municipalities in Huesca This is a list of the municipali ...
, the Red and Black Column and the militia of the Workers' Party of Marxist Unification (POUM) occupied opposite sides of the village. When one went into combat, the other stayed behind, rather than the two fighting together. On 6 October 1936, the Red and Black Column participated in the establishment of the Regional Defence Council of Aragon. The Red and Black Column and Aguiluchos Column eventually merged into the Ascaso Column, which came to count 7,000 militiamen under the command of Domingo Ascaso and
Gregorio Jover Gregorio Jover Cortés (Teruel, 25 October 1891 – Mexico, 22 March 1964) was an Aragonese anarcho-syndicalist and a member of the CNT during the first third of the 20th century. During the Spanish Civil War he was commander of the Ascaso Co ...
. In early 1937, the Red and Black Column was militarised into the
127th Mixed Brigade The 127th Mixed Brigade was a unit of the Spanish Republican Army The Spanish Republican Army () was the main branch of the Spanish Republican Armed Forces, Armed Forces of the Second Spanish Republic between 1931 and 1939. It became known as Pe ...
, which was integrated into the 28th Division of the
Popular Army of the Republic The Spanish Republican Army () was the main branch of the Armed Forces of the Second Spanish Republic between 1931 and 1939. It became known as People's Army of the Republic (''Ejército Popular de la República'') after it was reorganized, follo ...
.


May Days

Following the outbreak of the
May Days The May Days (, ), sometimes also called May Events (, ), were a series of clashes between 3 and 8 May 1937 during which factions on the Republican faction (Spanish Civil War), Republican side of the Spanish Civil War engaged one another in str ...
, on 5 May 1937, between 1,500 and 2,000 militiamen of the former Red and Black Column and the POUM abandoned the front line in Uesca and attempted to go to Barcelona. They left some of their forces distributed along the front, in order to assure its defence against the Nationalists. Juan Manuel Molina was alerted to the movements when the 127th Mixed Brigade, led by , passed through
Monzón Monzón () is a small city and municipality in the autonomous community of Aragon, Spain. Its population was 17,176 as of 2014. It is located at the confluence of the Cinca and Sosa rivers, in the Cinca Media comarca of the province of Huesca. ...
carrying artillery cannons and machine guns. On their way, they were intercepted by the
Spanish Republican Air Force The Spanish Republican Air Force was the air arm of the Armed Forces of the Second Spanish Republic, the legally established government of Spain between 1931 and 1939. Initially divided into two branches: Military Aeronautics () and Naval Aeron ...
and detained in
Lleida Lleida (, ; ; '' see below'') is a city in the west of Catalonia, Spain. It is the capital and largest town in Segrià county, the Ponent region and the province of Lleida. Geographically, it is located in the Catalan Central Depression. It ...
. Franco then met with CNT members from
Binéfar Binéfar () is a municipality located in the province of Huesca, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2008 census ( INE), the municipality has a population of 9,288 inhabitants. It is the home of the children's theatre group "''Los Titiriteros de Binà ...
and was put on the phone to Molina, who assured him that the anarchists had enough forces in Barcelona to beat the communists. The meeting with the CNT officials convinced most of the Red and Black columnists to return to the front. 40 members of the column continued on to Barcelona, where they captured the Ronda de Sant Pau. But following appeals from the leadership of the CNT, they eventually abandoned the barricades.


References


Bibliography

* * * * * * * * * * * * {{Portal bar, Anarchism, Spain 1936 establishments in Spain 1937 disestablishments in Spain Confederal militias Defunct anarchist militant groups Military units and formations established in 1936 Military units and formations disestablished in 1937 Military units and formations of the Spanish Civil War (Republican faction)