Rectors and rectorates in politics and administration included:

Roman

''Rector provinciae'' was a Latin generic term for Roman governor, the governor of a

Roman province The Roman provinces (, pl. ) were the administrative regions of Ancient Rome outside Roman Italy that were controlled by the Romans under the Roman Republic and later the Roman Empire. Each province was ruled by a Roman appointed as Roman g ...

, known after the time of

Suetonius Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus (), commonly referred to as Suetonius ( ; – after AD 122), was a Roman historian who wrote during the early Imperial era of the Roman Empire. His most important surviving work is ''De vita Caesarum'', common ...

, and specifically a legal term (as used in the Codices of the Emperors

Theodosius I Theodosius I ( ; 11 January 347 – 17 January 395), also known as Theodosius the Great, was Roman emperor from 379 to 395. He won two civil wars and was instrumental in establishing the Nicene Creed as the orthodox doctrine for Nicene C ...

and

Justinian I Justinian I (, ; 48214 November 565), also known as Justinian the Great, was Roman emperor from 527 to 565. His reign was marked by the ambitious but only partly realized ''renovatio imperii'', or "restoration of the Empire". This ambition was ...

) after Emperor Diocletian's

Tetrarchy The Tetrarchy was the system instituted by Roman emperor Diocletian in 293 AD to govern the ancient Roman Empire by dividing it between two emperors, the ''augusti'', and their junior colleagues and designated successors, the ''caesares''. I ...

(when they came under the administrative authority of the Vicarius of a diocese and these under a Pretorian prefect), regardless of what their specific titles (of different rank, such as Consularis, Corrector provinciae, Praeses and

Proconsul A proconsul was an official of ancient Rome who acted on behalf of a Roman consul, consul. A proconsul was typically a former consul. The term is also used in recent history for officials with delegated authority. In the Roman Republic, military ...

) may have been.

Ragusa

A similar gubernatorial use or as

chief magistrate A chief magistrate is a public official, executive or judicial, whose office is the highest in its class. Historically, the two different meanings of magistrate have often overlapped and refer to, as the case may be, to a major political and admi ...

existed in the

Republic of Ragusa The Republic of Ragusa, or the Republic of Dubrovnik, was an maritime republics, aristocratic maritime republic centered on the city of Dubrovnik (''Ragusa'' in Italian and Latin; ''Raguxa'' in Venetian) in South Dalmatia (today in southernmost ...

(presently Dubrovnik, Croatia), which was governed by a Rector (also used in the Italian form ''Rettore'' and the Slavonic equivalent Knez): * 1358–1808, during the independence of the Ragusan Republic and two years after it was occupied by Napoleonic France in 1806. * one more Rector, from 18 to 29 January 1814, was Count Sabo Đurđević (Savino de Giorgi), the last previous incumbent, during the short-lived liberation of the Republic, before the occupation by Austrian troops. The seat of the rector was the Rector's Palace, Dubrovnik.

Fiume

''Primo Rettore'', from 8 September 1920 to 29 December 1920, was the title of Gabriele D'Annunzio when he created the Italian Regency of Carnaro

Other

*For the use of the style ''duke and rector of Burgundy'' by the Zähringer dynasty claimants to viceregal powers as Regent in the

Kingdom of Burgundy Kingdom of Burgundy was a name given to various successive Monarchy, kingdoms centered in the historical region of Burgundy during the Middle Ages. The heartland of historical Burgundy correlates with the border area between France and Switze ...

''within'' the Holy Roman Empire, see King of Burgundy#Rectorate of Burgundy *Contemporary charters in Latin used a number of additional styles for the Danish king Cnut (Canute the Great, with Norway as his third realm; 23 April 1016 – 12 November 1035 in Britain) having ''rex Anglorum'' in the core plus various other titles, including ''rex Anglorum totiusque Brittannice orbis gubernator et rector'' i.e., 'king of the Angli and of all Britain governor and rector' (the last two in the generic sense 'ruler') * In an early 12th-century

oath Traditionally, an oath (from Old English, Anglo-Saxon ', also a plight) is a utterance, statement of fact or a promise taken by a Sacred, sacrality as a sign of Truth, verity. A common legal substitute for those who object to making sacred oaths ...

to Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona, this ruler is referred to as ''rector catalanicus'' (as well as ''catalanicus heroes'' and ''dux catalanensis''). *The

Comtat Venaissin The (; ; 'County of Venaissin'), often called the for short, was a part of the Papal States from 1274 to 1791, in what is now the region of Southern France. The region was an enclave within the Kingdom of France, comprising the area aroun ...

in southern France was administered by a rector since it became a papal possession until 1790 (on 24 May its States-General (representative assembly) proclaimed a constitution, but remained loyal to the pope).

References

* Harris, Robin: ''Dubrovnik: A History'', London, 2003. * Powell, J. G. F. (1994) "The ''rector rei publicae'' of Cicero's ''De Republica''". ''Scripta Classica Israelica'' 13: 19—29. {{Reflist

External links

WorldStatesmen: Croatia-Ragusa

Gubernatorial titles Heads of state