Rebecca Belmore (born March 22, 1960) is a Canadian interdisciplinary

Anishinaabe The Anishinaabe (alternatively spelled Anishinabe, Anicinape, Nishnaabe, Neshnabé, Anishinaabeg, Anishinabek, Aanishnaabe) are a group of culturally related Indigenous peoples of the Americas, Indigenous peoples in the Great Lakes region of C ...

kwe artist who is notable for politically conscious and socially aware

performance A performance is an act or process of staging or presenting a play, concert, or other form of entertainment. It is also defined as the action or process of carrying out or accomplishing an action, task, or function. Performance has evolved glo ...

and installation work. She is

Ojibwe The Ojibwe (; Ojibwe writing systems#Ojibwe syllabics, syll.: ᐅᒋᐺ; plural: ''Ojibweg'' ᐅᒋᐺᒃ) are an Anishinaabe people whose homeland (''Ojibwewaki'' ᐅᒋᐺᐘᑭ) covers much of the Great Lakes region and the Great Plains, n ...

and a member of Obishikokaang (

Lac Seul First Nation Lac Seul First Nation is an Ojibwe First Nation band government located on the southeastern shores of Lac Seul, northeast of the city of Dryden, Ontario. Though Lac Seul First Nation is a treaty signatory to Treaty 3, the First Nation is a me ...

). Belmore currently lives in

Toronto Toronto ( , locally pronounced or ) is the List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population, most populous city in Canada. It is the capital city of the Provinces and territories of Canada, Canadian province of Ontario. With a p ...

, Ontario. Belmore has performed and exhibited nationally and internationally since 1986. Her work focuses on issues of place and identity, and confronts challenges for

First Nations First nations are indigenous settlers or bands. First Nations, first nations, or first peoples may also refer to: Indigenous groups *List of Indigenous peoples *First Nations in Canada, Indigenous peoples of Canada who are neither Inuit nor Mé ...

People. Her work addresses history, voice and voicelessness, place, and identity. Her work, be it sculpture, video, or photographic in nature, is performance-based. To address the politics of representation, Belmore's art strives to invert or subvert official narratives, while demonstrating a preference for the use of repetitive gestures and natural materials. Belmore's art reveals a long-standing commitment to politics and how they relate to the construction of identity and ideas of representation. She has exhibited across Canada, the US, Mexico, Cuba and Australia.

Life

Belmore was born on March 22, 1960, in Upsala, Ontario, Canada. Until the age of 16, Belmore spent her summers in Northwestern Ontario with her grandparents. During these summers, her grandmother taught her about harvesting native foods from the land. Author Jessica Bradley describes Belmore's adolescence as difficult due to "the custom ingrained through the anadiangovernment imposed assimilation, she was sent to attend high school in Thunder Bay and billeted with a non-Native family." Bradley adds that as a result of her experience as an adolescent, notions of displacement and cultural loss are "reformed into acts or objects of reparation and protest ithin her various works" Belmore attended the Ontario College of Art and Design in Toronto in 1988. Belmore's mother was born on a small island in Northern Ontario and her journey to visit her mother's birthplace has had a significant impact on her work.

Career

Belmore has presented work in biennial exhibitions throughout her career. In 1991, she exhibited at the IV Bienal de la Habana, Havana, Cuba. She has twice represented Canada at the

Sydney Biennale The Biennale of Sydney is an international festival of contemporary art, held every two years in Sydney, Australia. It is a large and well-attended contemporary visual arts event in the country. Alongside the Venice Biennale, Venice and São Pa ...

; in 1998 in the exhibition ''Every Day'', and in 2006 in the exhibition ''Zones of Contact. ''In 2005 her work ''Fountain'' was shown at the Canadian Pavilion of the 51st

Venice Biennale The Venice Biennale ( ; ) is an international cultural exhibition hosted annually in Venice, Italy. There are two main components of the festival, known as the Art Biennale () and the Venice Biennale of Architecture, Architecture Biennale (), ...

, as the first aboriginal artist ever to represent Canada at the event. In the same year she exhibited as part of ''Sweet Taboos'' at the 3rd Tirana Biennale, Tirana, Albania. Jolene Rickard's Venice Biennale Catalogue essay describes Belmore's work: Belmore has had two major solo touring exhibitions, ''The Named and the Unnamed'', a multi-part installation that commemorates women missing from Vancouver's Downtown Eastside, at the

Morris and Helen Belkin Art Gallery The Morris and Helen Belkin Art Gallery is a contemporary art gallery in Vancouver, British Columbia, on the campus of the University of British Columbia. The gallery is housed in a building designed by architect Peter Cardew which opened in 1995 ...

, Vancouver (2002); and ''33 Pieces'', Blackwood Gallery, University of Toronto at Mississauga (2001). In 2008, the

Vancouver Art Gallery The Vancouver Art Gallery (VAG) is an art museum in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The museum occupies a adjacent to Robson Square in downtown Vancouver, making it the largest art museum in Western Canada by building size. Designed by Fr ...

hosted ''Rising to the Occasion'', a mid-career survey of Belmore's artistic production. In 2014, Belmore was commissioned to create an original work for the

Canadian Museum for Human Rights The Canadian Museum for Human Rights (CMHR; ) is a Canadian Crown corporations of Canada, Crown corporation and List of national museums, national museum located in Winnipeg, Manitoba, adjacent to The Forks, Winnipeg, The Forks. The purpose of the ...

The work consists of a blanket of hand pressed clay beads, engaging the community in Winnipeg to help produce them. In 2010, Belmore was involved in a legal dispute with the Pari Nadimi Gallery of Toronto, that sued her for punitive damages and for lost future revenues to $750,000. The lawsuit was settled out of court in 2013; however, inspired her 2010 performance ''WORTH''. In 2017, Belmore's work was exhibited at documenta 14 in Athens, Greece and in Kassel, Germany. In 2018, the Art Gallery of Ontario staged a touring retrospective of Belmore's work, ''Facing the Monumental''. Curated by Wanda Nanibush, ''Facing the Monumental'' incorporates sculptures, installations, photography and videos spanning 30 years of Belmore's career. It has been the largest exhibition of her work to date, and shown at galleries in Canada and the United States. Belmore participated in the 2022 Whitney Biennial in New York. Her sculptural installation ''ishkode (fire)'' (2021), a clay sculpture of a figure shrouded in a sleeping bag and surrounded by empty bullet shell casings, was included in the exhibition. Journalist Gabriella Angeleti described the piece in ''

The Art Newspaper ''The Art Newspaper'' is a monthly print publication, with daily updates online, founded in 1990 and based in London and New York City. It covers news of the visual arts as they are affected by international politics and economics, developments i ...

'' as "a critique of the historic genocide and ongoing disproportionate violence against Indigenous people," calling the work "a centerpiece" of the exhibition.

Artworks

Descriptions of important works

Belmore's interactive installation ''Mawa-che-hitoowin: A Gathering of People for Any Purpose'' (1992), featured a circle of chairs from Belmore's kitchen and kitchen chairs owned by other women close to her, arranged in a circle. Each chair had a pair of headphones resting on it. Visitors were invited to sit in each chair, put on the headphones, and listen to the stories of the struggles and triumphs of different indigenous women in Canada, told in their own voices. The work was commissioned for an exhibition of Indigenous art on the 500th anniversary of Columbus's arrival in Hispaniola. As such, it used Indigenous traditions of storytelling and passing on wisdom from elders as a way to push back against Native stereotypes and victimization.

Select works

Source: * ''Twelve Angry Crinolines ''(1987), parade and video performance, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada. Collaboration with Ana Demetrakopoulos, Kim Erickson, Lori Gilbert, Joane Lachapelle-Bayak, Glenn McLeod, Karen Maki, Sandy Pandia and Lynne Sharman; organized by Lynne Sharman * ''Artifact #671B ''(1988), protest in support of the Lubicon Cree and against the Olympic Flame celebrations, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada * ''High-tech Teepee Trauma Mama ''(1988), performance installation, Indian Days Native Student Association Winter Carnival,

Lakehead University Lakehead University is a public research university with campuses in Thunder Bay and Orillia, Ontario, Canada. Lakehead University, shortened to 'Lakehead U', is non-denominational and provincially supported. It has undergraduate programs, gradua ...

, Thunder Bay Ontario, Canada * ''HOWUH! ''(1988), music based performance project with Allen De Leary, Definitely Superior Art Gallery and Thunder Bay Indian Friendship Centre, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada * ''Nah-doe-tah-moe-win: Means an Object That You Listen To ''(1989), Niagara Artists Centre, Saint Catharines, Ontario, Canada; Galerie SAW Gallery, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; ''Multi-media Works: A Native Perspective'', AKA Gallery, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada * ''August 29, 1990'' (1990), performance, Première Biennale d'art actuel de Québec, Le Lieu, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada * ''Ayum-ee-aawach Oomama-mowan: Speaking to Their Mother ''(1991), performance, Walter Phillips Gallery, The Banff Centre, Banff, Alberta, Canada; toured to numerous locations across Canada (1991–1996) * ''Creation or Death: We Will Win ''(1991), performance, IV Bienal de la Habana, Havana, Cuba *''Mawa-che-hitoowin: A Gathering of People for Any Purpose'' (1992), mixed-media installation, "Land/Spirit/Power" exhibition,

National Gallery of Canada The National Gallery of Canada (), located in the capital city of Ottawa, Ontario, is Canada's National museums of Canada, national art museum. The museum's building takes up , with of space used for exhibiting art. It is one of the List of large ...

, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada * ''I am not a Fucken Squaw! ''(1993), performance, Distance education program student graduation banquet, Sioux Lookout, Ontario, Canada * ''Affiliation/Affliction ''(1994), collaboration with Reona Brass, Rencontre internationale d'art performance (RIAP) de Quebec, Le Lieu, Quebec, Canada * ''Tourist Act #1 ''(1995), participatory performance, Institute of American Indian Arts, Santa Fe, New Mexico, U.S.A * ''Interview with the Ghost of

Luna Luna commonly refers to: * Earth's Moon, named "Luna" in Latin, Spanish and other languages * Luna (goddess) In Sabine and ancient Roman religion and myth, Luna is the divine embodiment of the Moon (Latin ''Lūna'' ). She is often presented as t ...

''(1997), performance, "Apocalypso" artist's residency, The Banff Centre, Banff, Alberta, Canada * ''Garden of Eden ''(1998), performance, ''Five New Works (untitled), ''Canadian Performance Art Tour, Germany * ''Manifesto ''(1999), performance, TIME TIME TIME performance art festival, Fado Performance, Inc., Zsa Zsa Gallery, Toronto, Ontario, Canada * ''The Indian Factory ''(2000), performance making an installation, High-tech Storytellers: An Interdisciplinary Aboriginal Art Project, Tribe/ AKA Gallery, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada * ''Wild ''(2001), ''House Guests: Contemporary Artists in the Grange, ''

Art Gallery of Ontario The Art Gallery of Ontario (AGO; ) is an art museum in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Located on Dundas Street, Dundas Street West in the Grange Park (neighbourhood), Grange Park neighbourhood of downtown Toronto, the museum complex takes up of phys ...

, Toronto, Ontario, Canada * ''Vigil ''(2002), performance, Talking Stick Aboriginal Art Festival, Full Circle First Nations Performance, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada * ''Tongue River ''(2003), performance collaboration with Bently Spang, Fado Performance, Inc., Toronto, Ontario, Canada * ''Back to the Garden ''(2006), performance, Urban Shaman/ Ace Art, Inc., Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada * "Freeze" with Osvaldo Yero (2006), Nuit Blanche, Toronto, Ontario, Canada * ''Painted Road ''(2007), performance, gravel road behind the

Art Gallery of Sudbury The Art Gallery of Sudbury is an art gallery in Greater Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. Established in 1967 by the city's chamber of commerce under the Canadian Centennial projects, the gallery is located in the historic turn of the century Arts and Cr ...

Laurentian University Laurentian University (), officially Laurentian University of Sudbury, is a mid-sized Bilingualism in Canada, bilingual public university in Greater Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, incorporated on March 28, 1960. Laurentian offers a variety of undergr ...

, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada * ''Making Always War ''(2008), performance, performance assistant: Daina Warren,

University of British Columbia The University of British Columbia (UBC) is a Public university, public research university with campuses near University of British Columbia Vancouver, Vancouver and University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, in British Columbia, Canada ...

, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

Exhibitions

Select solo exhibitions

Source: * ''Artifact #671B'' (1988), Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada *''Crazy Old Woman Child'' (1988), Indian Friendship Centre, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada *''I'm a High-Tech Teepee Trauma Mama'' (1988), Native Student Council,

, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada *''Mushkegokwe/Swampwoman'' (1988), Women Against Military Madness, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA *''Nah-doe-tah-moe-win'' (1989), Galerie Saw, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada *''Ayumee-aawach Oomama-Mowan: Speaking to Their Mother'' with Marjorie Beaucage (1992), XYZ, Toronto, Ontario, Canada *''Wana-na-wang-ong ''(1993),

Contemporary Art Gallery A contemporary art gallery is normally a commercial art gallery operated by an art dealer which specializes in displaying for sale contemporary art, usually new works of art by living artists. This approach has been called the "Castelli Method ...

, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada *''I Wait for the Sun ''(1994), Faret Tachikawa Art Project, Art Front Gallery, Tokyo, Japan *''Tourist Act #1'' (1995), Institute of American Indian Art, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA * ''Dreamers'' (1999), Keyano College Art Gallery, Fort McMurray, Alberta, Canada * ''Many/One ''(1999), Optica, Montreal, Quebec, Canada * ''on this ground ''(2000), Rhode Island School of Design Museum of Art, Providence, Rhode Island, USA * ''Private Collection ''(2001), Pari Nadimi Gallery, Toronto, Ontario, Canada * ''33 Pieces ''(2001), organized by Blackwood Gallery,

University of Toronto The University of Toronto (UToronto or U of T) is a public university, public research university whose main campus is located on the grounds that surround Queen's Park (Toronto), Queen's Park in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It was founded by ...

at Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada; toured to Dunlop Art Gallery, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada (2002); Parry Sound Station Gallery, Parry Sound, Ontario, Canada (2002); Definitely Superior Gallery, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada (2003); W.K.P. Kennedy Public Art Gallery, Capitol Centre, North Bay, Ontario, Canada (2003) * ''The Named and the Unnamed'' (2002), organized by

, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; toured to

, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (2003); Kamloops Art Gallery, Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada (2004); Confederation Art Centre, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada (2004);

McMaster Museum of Art The McMaster Museum of Art (MMA) is a non-profit public art gallery at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario. The museum is located in the centre of the campus, attached to Mills Memorial Library and close to the McMaster University Student Cen ...

, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (2006) * ''Extreme ''(2003), Pari Nadimi Gallery, Toronto, Ontario, Canada * ''Temperance ''(2004), Tribe, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada * ''Untitled 1, 2, 3'' (2005), grunt gallery, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada * The Capture of Mary March, Pari Nadimi Gallery, Toronto, Ontario, Canada` * ''Parallel'' (2006), Urban Shaman/ Ace Art, Inc., Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada * ''cosi in cielo, cosi in terra'' (2006), Franco Soffiantino Arte Contemporanea, Turin, Italy * ''Rebecca Belmore: Rising to the Occasion'' (2008),

, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada * ''March 5, 1819 ''(2008), The Rooms Provincial Art Gallery, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada *''Rebecca Belmore: Facing the Monumental'' (2018),

, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Selected group exhibitions

* 1988: ''Souvenir from the Northern Front'', Mayworks, Toronto, Ontario, Canada *1988: ''See Jane Sew Strontium'', Definitely Superior, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada *1988: ''The New Traditionalists'', Definitely Superior, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada *1989: ''Changers: A Spiritual Renaissance'', National Arts and Crafts Corporation, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada *1989: ''Broadcast'', Definitely Superior, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada *1990: ''Biennale d'art actuel'', Quebec City, Quebec, Canada *1990: ''Multi-Media Works: A Native Perspective'', AKA, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada *1990: ''Telling Things'', Art Metropole, Toronto, Ontario, Canada *1990: ''Young Contemporaries 90'', London Regional Art Gallery, London, Ontario, Canada *1991: ''Bienal de la Habana'', Havana, Cuba' *1991: ''Okanata'', A Space, Toronto, Ontario, Canada *1991: ''Between Views'', Walter Phillips Gallery, Banff, Alberta, Canada *1991: ''Interrogating Identity'', Grey Art Gallery, New York, New York, USA' *1991: ''A Likeness'', Agnes Etherington Art Centre, Kingston, Ontario, Canada *1992: ''Enduring Strength'', Intermedia Arts and Two Rivers Gallery, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA *1992: ''Land, Spirit, Power'',

, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada *1992: ''Princesses, Indiennes, et Cowgirls: Stereotypes de la Frontiere'', Oboro, Montreal, Quebec, Canada *1993: ''Stand'', Erie, Pennsylvania, USA *1993: ''Margins of Memory'',

Art Gallery of Windsor Art is a diverse range of cultural activity centered around ''works'' utilizing creative or imaginative talents, which are expected to evoke a worthwhile experience, generally through an expression of emotional power, conceptual ideas, tec ...

, Windsor, Ontario, Canada *1994: ''Rencontre internationale d'art performance de Quebec'', Le Lieu, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada *1994: ''Sixth Native American Fine Arts Invitational'', The

Heard Museum The Heard Museum is a private, not-for-profit museum in Phoenix, Arizona, United States, dedicated to the advancement of American Indian art. It presents the stories of American Indian people from a first-person perspective, as well as exhibitio ...

, Phoenix, Arizona, USA *1994: ''Faret Tachikawa Art Project'', Tokyo, Japan *1995: ''Longing and Belonging: From the Faraway Nearby'', Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA *1995: ''History 101: The Re-Search for Family'', St. Louis, Missouri' *1996: ''Liaisons'', The Power Plant, Toronto, Ontario, Canada *1996: ''Metissages'', Galerie Optica, Montreal, Quebec, Canada *2012: ''Shapeshifting: Transformations in Native American Art'', Peabody Essex Museum, Salem, Massachusetts, USA *2018-2019: ''Art for a New Understanding: Native Voices, 1950s to Now'', Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art, Bentonville, Arkansas, USA *2019: ''Hearts of Our People: Native Women Artists'',

Minneapolis Institute of Art The Minneapolis Institute of Art (Mia) is an arts museum located in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. Home to more than 90,000 works of art representing 5,000 years of world history, Mia is one of the List of largest art museums, largest ar ...

, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA *2022: '' Quiet As Its Kept: Whitney Biennial,'' Whitney Museum, New York City, New York, USA

Awards, honours and residencies

Belmore has been awarded membership in the

Royal Canadian Academy of Arts The Royal Canadian Academy of Arts (RCA) is a Canadian arts-related organization that was founded in 1880. History 1880 to 1890 The title of Royal Canadian Academy of Arts was received from Victoria of the United Kingdom, Queen Victoria on 16 ...

. In 2004, Belmore completed a residency with MAWA ( Mentoring Artists for Women's Art) in

Winnipeg Winnipeg () is the capital and largest city of the Provinces and territories of Canada, Canadian province of Manitoba. It is centred on the confluence of the Red River of the North, Red and Assiniboine River, Assiniboine rivers. , Winnipeg h ...

Manitoba Manitoba is a Provinces and territories of Canada, province of Canada at the Centre of Canada, longitudinal centre of the country. It is Canada's Population of Canada by province and territory, fifth-most populous province, with a population ...

. In 2005, she won the Victor Martyn Lynch-Staunton Award from the Canada Council. and she was the first Indigenous woman representing Canada at the

. Also in 2005,

OCAD University Ontario College of Art & Design University, commonly known as OCAD University or OCAD U, is a public university, public art school, art university in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Its main campus is located within Toronto's Grange Park (neighbourh ...

conferred an honorary doctorate on Belmore in recognition of her career. She is also a Governor General's Award in Visual and Media Arts (2013), as well as the recipient of the 2016 Gershon Iskowitz Prize and an honorary doctorate from Emily Carr University in 2018. In 2024 Belmore was the recipient of the Audain Prize for the Visual Arts.

Bibliography

*Belmore, Rebecca . "Five Sisters." In ''Indian Princesses and Cowgirls: Stereotypes from the Frontier.'' Burgess, Marilyn and Guthrie Valaskakis, Gail, Montreal: Oboro, 1995. * * * Blondeau, Lori, ''et al''. "On the Fightin’ Side of Me: Lori Blondeau and Lynne Bell in conversation with Rebecca Belmore." '' Fuse Magazine'', Vol. 28, No. 1. pp. 25–34. *Luna, James; Townsend-Gault, Charlotte (2003). ''Rebecca Belmore: The Named and the Unnamed.'' Morris and Helen Belkin Art Gallery, University of British Columbia. . *Bradley, Jessica. "Rebecca Belmore: Art and the Object of Performance." In ''Caught in the Act: An Anthology of Performance Art by Canadian Women''. Tanya Mars and Johanna Householder, eds. Toronto: YYZ Books, 2004. *Bailey, Jann LM Bailey; Watson, Scott (2005). ''Rebecca Belmore: Fountain.'' Kamloops Art Gallery, Morris and Helen Belkin Art Gallery, University of British Columbia. . *Enright, Robert. “The Poetics of History: An Interview with Rebecca Belmore”, ''Border Crossings'', Vol. 24, No. 3, 2005. *Burgess, Marilyn. "The Imagined Geographies of Rebecca Belmore." ''Parachute'', No. 93, Jan/Feb/March, 1999. pp. 12–20. *Fisher, Barbara (2001). ''33 Pieces''. University of Toronto at Mississauga, Blackwood Gallery. . *Hill, Richard William. "It’s Very Interesting if it Works: In Conversation with Rebecca Belmore and James Luna." ''Fuse Magazine'', Vol. 24, No. 1, 2001. pp. 28–33. * "Built on Running Water: Rebecca Belmore's Fountain." ''Fuse Magazine''. Vol. 29, No. 1, 2006. pp. 49–51. *Martin, Lee-Anne. “The Waters of Venice: Rebecca Belmore at the 51st Biennale.” In ''Canadian Art'', vol. 22, 2005. * * * *Nanibush, Wanda (2018). ''Rebecca Belmore: Facing the Monumental.'' Toronto: Art Gallery of Ontario; Fredericton, Goose Lane Editions. . *Belmore, Florene ed. (2019). ''Wordless: The Performance Art of Rebecca Belmore'' Vancouver, Grunt Gallery; Whistler, Audain Art Museum. *Ahlberg, Yohe J, and Teri Greeves. ''Hearts of Our People. Native Women Artists''. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2019. Print. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1105604814

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Belmore, Rebecca Living people Artists from Ontario Artists from Vancouver Canadian multimedia artists Canadian contemporary artists First Nations filmmakers First Nations installation artists Canadian women installation artists First Nations sculptors First Nations performance artists Members of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts Ojibwe women artists Ojibwe artists 1960 births 20th-century Canadian women artists Governor General's Award in Visual and Media Arts winners 20th-century Canadian artists 21st-century Canadian women artists 21st-century Canadian artists 20th-century First Nations people 20th-century First Nations women 21st-century First Nations artists 21st-century First Nations women