Raphitomidae is a family of small to medium-sized

sea snail Sea snail is a common name for slow-moving marine gastropod molluscs, usually with visible external shells, such as whelk or abalone. They share the taxonomic class Gastropoda with slugs, which are distinguished from snails primarily by the ...

marine Marine is an adjective meaning of or pertaining to the sea or ocean. Marine or marines may refer to: Ocean * Maritime (disambiguation) * Marine art * Marine biology * Marine debris * Marine habitats * Marine life * Marine pollution Military * ...

gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, from freshwater, and from land. T ...

mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea.Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. (Ed.) (2005). "Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families". '' Malacologia'' 47(1-2). . 397 pp. Bouchet, Kantor ''et al''. elevated in 2011 the subfamily Raphitominae (which at that point had been placed in the family

Conidae Conidae, with the current common name of "cone snails", is a taxonomic family (previously subfamily) of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Conoidea. The 2014 classification of the superfamily Conoidea, groups onl ...

) to the rank of family. This was based on a

cladistical Cladistics (; ) is an approach to biological classification in which organisms are categorized in groups (" clades") based on hypotheses of most recent common ancestry. The evidence for hypothesized relationships is typically shared derived cha ...

analysis of shell morphology, radular characteristics, anatomical characters, and a dataset of molecular sequences of three gene fragments. The family was found to be

monophyletic In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic gro ...

.Bouchet P., Kantor Yu.I., Sysoev A. & Puillandre N. (2011) A new operational classification of the Conoidea. Journal of Molluscan Studies 77: 273-308.
/ref>

Description

The Raphitomidae is the largest, most diverse and most variable taxon in the Conoidea, with the greatest number of species and the largest ecological range (from the tropics to the pole) and largest vertical range ( intertidal to hadal depths). The shells of species in the Raphitomidae are very variable in shape (buccinoid to ovate, elongate-fusiform, or high-cylindrical) and size (2 to 140mm in height). Similarly, shell sculpture is extremely variable, from nearly smooth to well developed spiral and axial elements and subsutural ramps. Common morphology includes apertural armature rarely well developed, inner lip usually smooth, no operculum, radular tooth hypodermic in character with marginal teeth of variable morphology (including variable length). The muscular bulb of the venom gland is always single-layered. The close relationship of Raphitomidae with cone snails (which are already under intensive study for the pharmaceutical applications of their toxins), makes them an interesting candidate for the discovery of new toxins. Another characteristic is the multispiral

protoconch A protoconch (meaning first or earliest or original shell) is an embryonic or larval shell which occurs in some classes of molluscs, e.g., the initial chamber of an ammonite or the larval shell of a gastropod. In older texts it is also called ...

, which shows spiral striae on protoconch I and diagonally cancellated ("raphitomine") sculpture on protoconch II. Some species with a paucispiral protoconch are included in the family. This is usually based on similarities in shell morphology to species having a "raphitomine" protoconch. This determination should also ideally be founded on other attributes, such as the type of radula or foregut anatomy or their lack of an operculum.

Genera

This is a list of the accepted names of genera in the family Raphitomidae (the main reference for recent species is the World Register of Marine Species) * ''

Abyssobela ''Abyssobela'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae Raphitomidae is a family of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea.Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. (E ...

'' Kantor & Sysoev, 1986 * ''

Abyssothauma ''Abyssothauma'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae Raphitomidae is a family of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea.Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. ...

'' Sysoev, 1996 * '' Acamptodaphne'' Shuto, 1971 * ''

Acanthodaphne ''Acanthodaphne'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae Raphitomidae is a family of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea.Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. ...

'' Bonfitto & Morassi, 2006 * '' Aliceia'' Dautzenberg & H. Fischer, 1897 * '' Aplotoma'' gen. nov. * ''

Asperdaphne ''Asperdaphne'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. Description This genus resembles '' Daphnella'' in form and general appearance, but differs in having the protoconch spirally grooved instead of bein ...

'' Hedley, 1922 * '' Austrobela'' gen. nov. * ''

Austrodaphnella ''Austrodaphnella'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae Raphitomidae is a family of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea.Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P ...

'' Laseron, 1954 * ''

Austropusilla ''Austropusilla'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae.MolluscaBase (2019). Austropusilla Laseron, 1954. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxd ...

'' Laseron, 1954 * '' Austrotheta'' gen. nov. * † '' Awheaturris'' Beu, 1970 * ''

Azorilla ''Azorilla'' is a small genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Raphitomidae.Bouchet, P. (2015). Azorilla F. Nordsieck, 1968. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.or ...

'' F. Nordsieck, 1968; synonym of '' Teretia'' Norman, 1888. * ''

Bathybela ''Bathybela'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. It has four described species. Species Species within the genus ''Bathybela'' include: * ''Bathybela nudator'' (Locard, 1897) * '' Bathybela papyra ...

'' Kobelt, 1905 * '' Buccinaria'' Kittl, 1887 * '' Biconitoma'' gen. nov. * '' Clathromangelia'' Monterosato, 1884 * ''

Clinura ''Clinura'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. This genus was only known from fossils from the Cenozoic era until 1997 when Sysoev found a specimen of ''Clinura vitrea'' off the Taninbar Islands, I ...

'' Bellardi, 1875 * '' Cryptodaphne'' Powell, 1942 * '' Cyrillia'' Kobelt, 1905 * '' Daphnella'' Hinds, 1844 * '' Diaugasma'' Melvill, 1917 * ''

Eubela ''Eubela'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. Description The shell is smooth, glossy, with a sutural band. The outer lip is sharp. A shallow anal sinus and a short angular siphonal canal recall ...

'' Dall, 1889 * ''

Eucyclotoma ''Eucyclotoma'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Raphitomidae. Species Species within the genus ''Eucyclotoma'' include: * ''Eucyclotoma albomacula'' Kay, 1979 * ''Eucyclotoma bicarinata'' (Peas ...

'' Boettger, 1895 * '' Exomilus'' Hedley, 1918 * ''

Famelica ''Famelica'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae Raphitomidae is a family of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea.Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. (Ed. ...

'' Bouchet & Warén, 1980 * '' Favriella'' Hornung, 1920 * '' Fusobela'' gen. nov. * '' Glaciotomella'' gen. nov. * '' Gladiobela'' gen. nov. * '' Globodaphne'' gen. nov. * '' Glyphostomoides'' Shuto, 1983 * '' Gymnobela'' Verrill, 1884 * ''

Hemilienardia ''Hemilienardia'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae, the turrids. Description This genus is readily distinguishable from '' Lienardia'' by the apex. The multispiral protoconch consists of a cone of 3 ...

'' Boettger, 1895 * † '' Hokianga'' Laws, 1947 * ''

Isodaphne ''Isodaphne'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae Raphitomidae is a family of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea.Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. ...

'' Laseron, 1954 * '' Kermia'' Oliver, 1915 * ''

Kuroshiodaphne ''Kuroshiodaphne'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Raphitomidae. Species Species within the genus ''Kuroshiodaphne'' include: *''Kuroshiodaphne aurea'' Stahlschmidt, Poppe & Tagaro, 2018 *''Kur ...

'' Shuto, 1965 * '' Leiosyrinx'' Bouchet & A. Sysoev, 2001 * '' Leufroyia'' Monterosato, 1884 * ''

Lusitanops ''Lusitanops'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. Description This genus is characterized by a reticulated sculpture, a large, inflated body whorl, a short siphonal canal The siphonal canal i ...

'' F. Nordsieck, 1968 * † '' Maoridaphne'' Powell, 1942 * ''

Microdaphne ''Microdaphne'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. Species Species within the genus ''Microdaphne'' include: * † '' Microdaphne indohystrix'' Harzhauser, 2014 * '' Microdaphne morrisoni'' Rehder ...

'' McLean, 1971 * ''

Microgenia Microgenia is the medical term for an unusually small or deformed chin. The contrasting condition, an enlarged chin, is called "macrogenia". Causes Can occur in anyone, but is often a sign of Down syndrome Down syndrome or Down's syndrome, ...

'' Laseron, 1954 * ''

Mioawateria ''Mioawateria'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Raphitomidae.Bouchet, P. (2014). Mioawateria Vella, 1954. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia ...

'' Vella, 1954 * ''

Neopleurotomoides ''Neopleurotomoides'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Raphitomidae. Species Species within the genus ''Neopleurotomoides'' include: * ''Neopleurotomoides aembe'' Figueira & Absalão, 2012 * ''N ...

'' Shuto, 1971 * '' Nepotilla'' Hedley, 1918 * '' Nodothauma'' gen. nov. * † '' Onoketoma'' Beu, 2011 * '' Pagodibela'' gen. nov. * '' Pagodidaphne'' Shuto, 1983 * '' Paramontana'' Laseron, 1954 * ''

Phymorhynchus ''Phymorhynchus'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. Description The fusiform shell is thin, smooth, or spirally sculptured. The axial sculpture is less conspicuous. The siphonal canal is nearly obsol ...

'' Dall, 1908 * ''

Pleurotomella ''Pleurotomella'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. Description (Original description by Verrill) As at present understood, this genus is intended to include those species which have a rather broa ...

'' Verrill, 1872 * ''

Pontiothauma ''Pontiothauma'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. Description The fusiform shell is not umbilicate, anteriorly rostrate and obliquely folded. The shell is spirally furrowed by lirae. The apertur ...

'' E.A. Smith, 1895 * '' Pseudodaphnella'' Boettger, 1895 * † ''

Pseudolusitanops ''Pseudolusitanops'' is an extinct genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae.MolluscaBase (2019). MolluscaBase. Pseudolusitanops Lozouet, 2017 †. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://w ...

'' Lozouet, 2017 * '' Pueridaphne'' gen. nov. * † '' Puha'' Marwick, 1931 * '' Raphitoma'' Bellardi, 1847 * ''

Rimosodaphnella ''Rimosodaphnella'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. Description (Original description) The diagnosis that Cossmann previously provided in support of ''Bellardiella'' does not apply - as we have see ...

'' Cossmann, 1916 * '' Rocroithys'' Sysoev & Bouchet, 2001 * ''

Spergo ''Spergo'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. Description The large, thin shell is nearly destitute of sculpture. It shows an unrecurved columella, a short, wide, straight siphonal canal, a wide ...

'' Dall, 1895 * ''

Stilla ''Stilla'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Raphitomidae. Distribution This genus occurs off New Zealand. Species Species within the genus ''Stilla'' include: * ''Stilla anomala'' Powell, 1955 ...

'' Finlay, 1926 * '' Taranidaphne'' Morassi & Bonfitto, 2001 * ''

Taranis In Celtic mythology, Taranis (Proto-Celtic: *''Toranos'', earlier ''*Tonaros''; Latin: Taranus, earlier Tanarus) is the god of thunder, who was worshipped primarily in Gaul, Hispania, Britain, and Ireland, but also in the Rhineland and Danube reg ...

'' Jeffreys, 1870 * ''

Teleochilus ''Teleochilus'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. Description (Original description) The protoconch is large, with 1½ depressed whorls, spirally and longitudinally striated from the initial portion ...

'' Harris, 1897 * '' Teretia'' Norman, 1888 * '' Teretiopsis'' Kantor & Sysoev, 1989 * ''

Thatcheria ''Thatcheria'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. Description (Original description) The solid shell is angularly pyriform. The spire is prominent, shorter than the aperture. It is many-whorled w ...

'' Angas, 1877 * ''

Thatcheriasyrinx ''Thatcheriasyrinx'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae Raphitomidae is a family of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea.Bouchet P. & Rocroi ...

'' Powell, 1969 * ''

Thatcherina ''Thatcherina'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae Raphitomidae is a family of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea.Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. ...

'' Vera-Pelaez, 1998 * ''

Thesbia ''Thesbia'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks belonging to the family Raphitomidae. This genus was named after Thesbia, one of the Sea-nymphs of Hesiod. Description the original description of this genus notes that it feat ...

'' Jeffreys, 1867 * '' Theta'' A.H. Clarke, 1959 * ''

Thetidos ''Thetidos'' is a genus of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Raphitomidae.MolluscaBase eds. (2022). MolluscaBase. Thetidos Hedley, 1899. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: ht ...

'' Hedley, 1899 - as a separate genusBouchet P., Kantor Yu.I., Sysoev A. & Puillandre N. (2011). "A new operational classification of the Conoidea". '' Journal of Molluscan Studies'' 77: 273-308. . or as a synonym of ''Lienardia''Bouchet, P. (2011). ''Thetidos'' Hedley, 1899 . Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=435335 on 2011-09-02 * '' Tritonoturris'' Dall, 1924 * '' Trochodaphne'' gen. nov. * '' Truncadaphne'' McLean, 1971 * ''

Tuskaroria ''Tuskaroria'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae Raphitomidae is a family of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea.Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. ...

'' Sysoev, 1988 * '' Typhlosyrinx'' Thiele, 1925 * '' Veprecula'' Melvill, 1917 * '' Vepridaphne'' Shuto, 1983 * ''

Vitjazinella ''Vitjazinella'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae Raphitomidae is a family of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea.Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.- ...

'' Sysoev, 1988 * ''

Xanthodaphne ''Xanthodaphne'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. Species Species within the genus ''Xanthodaphne'' include: * '' Xanthodaphne agonia'' (Dall, 1890) * '' Xanthodaphne alessandropaglii'' Nappo & Pagl ...

'' Powell, 1942 * ''

Zenepos ''Zenepos'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. Species Species within the genus ''Zenepos'' include: * † ''Zenepos lacunosa'' (Hutton, 1885) * ''Zenepos totolirata'' (Suter, 1908) * '' Zenepos z ...

'' Finlay, 1926

Genera which have been brought into synonymy

* ''Allo'' Jousseaume, 1934: synonym of ''

'' Jeffreys, 1870 * ''Anomalotomella'' Powell, 1966: synonym of ''

'' Verrill, 1872 * ''Aspertilla'' Powell, 1944: synonym of ''

'' Hedley, 1922 * ''Azorita'' F. Nordsieck, 1968: synonym of ''

'' Verrill, 1872 * ''Bathypota'' F. Nordsieck, 1968: synonym of ''

'' Kobelt, 1905 * ''Cenodagreutes'' E.H. Smith, 1967: synonym of '' Raphitoma'' Bellardi, 1847 * ''Cirillia'' Monterosato, 1884: synonym of ''

Philbertia ''Raphitoma'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. The type species ''Pleurotoma hystrix'' Cristofori and Jan, 1832 is a nomen nudum. It has been validated by Bellardi, 1847 as “''Pleurotoma hist ...

'' Monterosato, 1884 * ''Clathurina'' Melvill, 1917 : synonym of '' Kermia'' Oliver, 1915 * ''Cochlioconus'' Yokoyama, 1928: synonym of ''

'' Angas, 1877 * ''Cordiera'': synonym of ''

Cordieria ''Cordieria'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Borsoniidae.Bouchet, P. (2015). Cordieria. In: MolluscaBase (2015). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=tax ...

'' Rouault, 1848 * ''Cyrtoides'' F. Nordsieck, 1968: synonym of '' Raphitoma'' Bellardi, 1847 * ''Eudaphne'' Bartsch, 1931: synonym of '' Daphnella'' Hinds, 1844 * ''Eudaphnella'' Bartsch, 1933: synonym of '' Daphnella'' Hinds, 1844 * ''Feliciella'' Lamy, 1934: synonym of ''

'' Jeffreys, 1870 * ''Fenestrosyrinx'' Finlay, 1926 : synonym of ''

'' Jeffreys, 1870 * ''Fusidaphne'' Laseron, 1954: synonym of ''

'' Verrill, 1872 (synonym) * ''Hemidaphne'' Hedley, 1918: synonym of '' Daphnella'' Hinds, 1844 * ''Homotoma'' Bellardi, 1875: synonym of ''

'' Monterosato, 1884 * ''Leufroyia'' Monterosato, 1884: synonym of ''

'' Monterosato, 1884 * ''Lineotoma'' F. Nordsieck, 1977: synonym of ''

'' Monterosato, 1884 * ''Litachilus'' Powell, 1944: synonym of ''

'' Harris, 1897 * ''Magnella'' Dittmer, 1960: synonym of ''

'' Vella, 1954 * ''Majox'' F. Nordsieck, 1968: synonym of '' Gymnobela'' Verrill, 1884 * ''Metaclathurella'' Shuto, 1983: synonym of '' Otitoma'' Jousseaume, 1898 * ''Mordica'' Dall, 1924: synonym of '' Veprecula'' Melvill, 1917 * ''Ootoma'' Koperberg, 1931: synonym of '' Buccinaria'' Kittl, 1887 * ''Ootomella'' Bartsch, 1933: synonym of '' Buccinaria'' Kittl, 1887 * ''Paradaphne'' Laseron, 1954: synonym of '' Daphnella'' Hinds, 1844 * ''Peratotoma'' Harris & Burrows, 1891: synonym of ''

'' Monterosato, 1884 * ''Philbertia'' Monterosato, 1884: synonym of '' Raphitoma'' Bellardi, 1847 * ''Pionotoma'' Kuroda, 1952: synonym of '' Buccinaria'' Kittl, 1887 * ''Qii'' Zhang, 1995: synonym of '' Pseudodaphnella'' Boettger, 1895 * ''Rhaphitoma'': synonym of '' Raphitoma'' Bellardi, 1848 * ''Speoides'' Kuroda & Habe, 1961: synonym of ''

'' Dall, 1895 * ''Teres'' Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1883: synonym of '' Teretia'' Norman, 1888 * ''Tasmadaphne'' Laseron, 1954: synonym of ''

'' Verrill, 1872 (synonym) * ''Turrhyssa'' Dall, 1924: synonym of ''

'' Boettger, 1895 * ''Watsonaria'' F. Nordsieck, 1968: synonym of '' Gymnobela'' Verrill, 1884

References

*Vaught, K.C. (1989). A classification of the living Mollusca. American Malacologists: Melbourne, FL (USA). . XII, 195 pp * Li, Baoquan, and Xinzheng Li. "Report on the Raphitomidae Bellardi, 1875 (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Conoidea) from the China Seas." Journal of natural history 48.17-18 (2014): 999-1025.
M. Morassi & A. Bonfitto: New raphitomine gastropods (Gastropoda: Conidae: Raphitominae) from the South-West Pacific; Zootaxa 2526: 54–68 (2010)
* Criscione, Francesco, et al. (2021) "Where the snails have no name: a molecular phylogeny of Raphitomidae (Neogastropoda: Conoidea) uncovers vast unexplored diversity in the deep seas of temperate southern and eastern Australia." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 191(4):961-1000

External links

Casey T.L. (1904) ''Notes on the Pleurotomidae with description of some new genera and species.'' Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis, 14, 123–170
*
Gastropods.com for images

P. Bouchet and A. Sysoex, Typhlosyrinx-like tropical deep-water turriform gastropods (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Conoidea); JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY, 2001, 35, p. 1693-1715

Fedosov, Alexander E., and Nicolas Puillandre. "Phylogeny and taxonomy of the Kermia–Pseudodaphnella (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Raphitomidae) genus complex: a remarkable radiation via diversification of larval development." Systematics and Biodiversity 10.4 (2012): 447-477

Fassio, Giulia, et al. "An assessment of Raphitoma and allied genera (Neogastropoda: Raphitomidae)." Journal of Molluscan Studies (2019)
{{Taxonbar, from=Q7294107 Gastropod families