Ranald MacDonald

Ranald MacDonald (February 3, 1824 – August 24, 1894) was the first native English-speaker to teach the English language in Japan, including educating Einosuke Moriyama, one of the chief interpreters to handle the negotiations between Commodore Perry and the Tokugawa Shogunate.

Early life

MacDonald was born at Fort Astoria, in the Pacific Northwest of North America. The area was then known as the Columbia District or Oregon Country, disputed territory dominated by the British Hudson's Bay Company and the American Pacific Fur Company. MacDonald's father was Archibald McDonald, a Scottish Hudson's Bay Company fur trader. His mother was Koale'xoa (also known as Raven or Princess Sunday), a Chinook woman. Koale'xoa was the daughter of Comcomly, a leader of the "Lower Chinook" Chinookan people that lived near the present-day city of Ilwaco, Washington. She, however, died shortly after giving birth and MacDonald was briefly cared for by his mother's family. Around 1825, Archibald McDonald married Jane Klyne, a Métis woman from Canada, and brought Ranald to Fort Vancouver, the headquarters of the Hudson's Bay Company. It is unclear when MacDonald became aware of the details of his birth or of his Chinook ancestry. MacDonald was a member of the larger Métis community.

Based on the popular historical fiction of Eva Emery Dye, it has been repeated that "as a child of eight in 1832 at Fort Vancouver, he met three shipwrecked Japanese sailors, including Otokichi". In reality the three shipwrecked Japanese sailors were brought to Fort Vancouver in July 1834 ot 1832 arriving there about four months after 10-yr-old Ranald MacDonald had departed for the Red River Colony – so there never was the fabled "meeting of East and West". MacDonald's First Nations relatives might have had legends that their ancestors had come from across the Pacific, but saying that MacDonald "developed a fascination with Japan" and "theorized that it might be the home of his distant relatives" may or may not be accurate. In his autobiography MacDonald explained it in his own words: "My plan was to present myself as a castaway ... and to rely on their humanity. My purpose was to learn of them; and, if occasion should offer, to instruct them of us."

MacDonald was educated at the Red River Academy in the newly established Red River Colony, a part of British North America that later became Manitoba, Canada. Later, following the wishes of his father, he secured a job as a bank clerk and became a Master Mason in St.Andres Lodge No.516.

Japan

A restless man, he soon quit his bank job and decided that he would visit Japan. Despite knowing the strict isolationist Japanese policy of the time, which meant death or imprisonment for foreigners who set foot on Japanese soil, he signed on as a sailor on the whaling ship ''Plymouth'' in 1845. In 1848, he convinced the captain of the ''Plymouth'' to set him to sea on a small boat off the coast of Hokkaidō. On July 1, he came ashore on Rishiri Island where he pretended he had been shipwrecked. He was caught by Ainu people, who remitted him to the ''daimyō'' of Matsumae clan. In October, he was then sent to Nagasaki, the only port allowed to conduct limited trade with the Dutch.

Since more and more American and British ships had been approaching Japanese waters, and no man in Japan spoke English with any sort of fluency, fourteen men were sent to study English under MacDonald. These men were samurai, who had previously learned Dutch and had been attempting to learn English for some time from secondhand sources, such as Dutch merchants who spoke a little of the language. The brightest of these men, a sort of "language genius", was Moriyama Einosuke.

MacDonald stayed in confinement, at , a branch temple of the in Nagasaki, for 7 months, during which he also studied Japanese before being taken aboard a passing American warship. In April 1849, in Nagasaki, MacDonald was remitted together with fifteen shipwreck survivors to captain James Glynn on the American warship USS ''Preble'' which had been sent to rescue stranded sailors. Glynn later urged that a treaty should be signed with Japan, "if not peaceably, then by force".

Upon his return to North America, MacDonald made a written declaration to the US Congress, explaining that the Japanese society was well policed, and the Japanese people were well behaved to the highest standard. He continued his career as a sailor.

After travelling widely, MacDonald returned to Canada East (now Quebec) and, in 1858, went to the new colony of British Columbia where he set up a packing business in the Fraser River gold fields and later in the Cariboo, in 1864. He also participated in the Vancouver Island Exploring Expedition.

Although his students had been instrumental in the negotiations to open Japan with Commodore Perry and Lord Elgin, he found no real recognition of his achievements. His notes of the Japanese adventure were not published until 1923, 29 years after his death. He died a poor man in Washington state in 1894, while visiting his niece. His last words were reportedly "Sayonara, my dear, sayonara..."

Memorials and burial place

MacDonald is buried in the ''Ranald MacDonald Cemetery'', Ferry County, Washington. The grave is northwest of Curlew Lake State Park on Mid Way Road. The grave itself is a state park, the smallest in Washington State. The grave marker has the inscription:

There are memorials to Ranald MacDonald in Rishiri Island and in Nagasaki, as well as in his birthplace, where Fort Astoria used to stand in Astoria, Oregon.

Award

Since 2016, the foundation ''Friends of MacDonald - The Dutch Connection'' in the Netherlands has given out the Ranald MacDonald Award to writers/artists who shed new light on the relations between Asia, Europe and North America with their work. Some of the people who won this award are: Frederik L. Schodt (2016), Zia Haider Rahman (2016), Hajime Narukawa (2017), Bruno Maçães (2018) and the FENIX Landverhuizersmuseum in Rotterdam (2019).

References

Notes

Citations

Further reading

* MacDonald, Ranald; Lewis, William Stanley ''Ranald MacDonald: The Narrative of His Early Life on the Columbia...'' The Eastern Washington State Historical Society, 1923. (1990 reprint)
* Roe, Jo Ann ''Ranald MacDonald: Pacific Rim Adventurer.'' Pullman, Washington: Washington State University Press, 1997. (hardbound) (paperback)
* Schodt, Frederik L. ''Native American in the Land of the Shogun: Ranald MacDonald and the Opening of Japan.'' Berkeley, California: Stone Bridge Press, 2003.
Available online through the Washington State Library's Classics in Washington History collection
Senate executive document, 31st Congress, 1st session, no. 84

External links

* ttp://www.wdog.com/rider/writings/macdonald.htm Another account of Ranald MacDonald's storybr>Biography at the ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online''Article on MacDonald's graveAnother article with many biographical details

{{DEFAULTSORT:Macdonald, Ranald
19th-century American educators
American expatriates in Japan
19th-century American explorers
American Métis people
19th-century Canadian educators
Canadian Métis people
Canadian people of Scottish descent
Ranald MacDonald
History of the foreign relations of Japan
People from Astoria, Oregon
Pre-Confederation Manitoba people
1824 births
1894 deaths
American Japanologists
Hudson's Bay Company people
People from pre-statehood Washington (state)
American people in whaling