Cebu, also called Sugbu, informally referred to as the Rajahnate of Cebu, was an Indianized mandala (polity) monarchy on the island of Cebu in the Philippines prior to the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors. It is known in ancient Chinese records as the nation of Sokbu (束務) ( Hokkien) or Suwu ( Mandarin).SONG, MING, AND OTHER CHINESE SOURCES ON PHILIPPINES-CHINA RELATIONS
By Carmelea Ang See. Page 74. According to Visayan oral legend, it was founded by Sri LumaySantarita, J. B. (2018). Panyupayana: The Emergence of Hindu Polities in the Pre-Islamic Philippines. Cultural and Civilisational Links Between India and Southeast Asia, 93–105. or Rajamuda Lumaya, a half-Malay and half-Tamil from Sumatra. The capital of Cebu was Singhapala which is Tamil-Sanskrit for "Lion City", the same root words with the modern city-state of Singapore.

History

Foundation

A kingdom called Suwu was mentioned in the 1225 Chinese Annals, the Zhufan Zhi (諸蕃志), and during the 17th Century this was the same name used for Cebu among Chinese traders to the Philippines thus it is presumed to be the same location. This kingdom was mentioned in association with Boni ( Brunei) wherein it was written: According to Visayan folklore, Sri Lumay was a half- Tamil and half- Malay from Sumatra who settled in the Visayas, and had several sons. One of his sons was Sri Alho, who ruled a land known as ''Sialo'' which included the present-day towns of Carcar and Santander in the southern region of Cebu. Sri Ukob ruled a polity known as ''Nahalin'' in the north, which included the present-day towns of Consolacion, Liloan, Compostela, Danao, Carmen and Bantayan. He died in battle, fighting with the Muslim Moro pirates known as ''magalos'' (literally "destroyers of peace") from Mindanao. The islands they were in were collectively known as ''Pulua Kang Dayang'' or ''Kangdaya'' (literally " he islandswhich belong to Daya"). Sri Lumay was noted for his strict policies in defending against Moro Muslim raiders and slavers from Mindanao. His use of scorched earth tactics to repel invaders gave rise to the name ''Kang Sri Lumayng Sugbu'' (literally "that of Sri Lumay's great fire") to the town, which was later shortened to Sugbu ("scorched earth").

Reign of Sri Bantug

Sri Lumay was succeeded by the youngest of his sons, Sri Bantug, who ruled from a region known as '' Singhapala'', which is now Mabolo of Cebu City. He died of disease. Sri Bantug had a brother called Sri Parang who was originally slated to succeed Sri Bantug. But he was a cripple and could not govern his polity because of his infirmity. Parang handed his throne to Sri Bantug's son and his nephew, Sri Humabon (also spelled Sri Hamabar), who became the rajah of Cebu in his stead.

Reign of Rajah Humabon

During Rajah Humabon's reign, the region had since become an important trading center where agricultural products were bartered. From Japan, perfume and

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utensils were usually traded for native goods. Ivory products, leather, precious and semi-precious stones and ''śarkarā'' ( sugar) mostly came from

India India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area; the List of countries by population (United Nations), most populous country since ...

and Burma traders. The harbors of Sugbu (the modern-day Parián district of Cebu) became known colloquially as ''sinibuayang hingpit'' ("the place for trading"), shortened to ''sibu'' or ''sibo'' ("to trade"), from which the modern Castilian name "Cebú" originates. It was also during Humabon's reign that Lapulapu arrived from Borneo, and was granted by Humabon the region of Mandawili (now Mandaue), including the island known as Opong or Opon (later known as Mactan). First contact with the Spanish also occurred during Humabon's reign, resulting in the death of Ferdinand Magellan. The phrase ''Kota Raya Kita'' was documented by historian Antonio Pigafetta, to be a warning in the Old Malay language, from a merchant to the rajah and was cited to have meant:

"Have good care, O king, what you do, for these men are those who have conquered Calicut, Malacca, and all India the Greater. If you give them good reception and treat them well, it will be well for you, but if you treat them ill, so much the worse it will be for you, as they have done at Calicut and at Malacca."

In reality, this phrase is that of ''Kota Raya kita'', an indigenous Malay phrase of merchants under the authority of Rajah Humabon, with a meaning in English of: "our capital city": '' Kota (fortress)'', ''Raya'' (great, hence Kotaraya (capital city)), ''kita (we)''.

Diplomacy with other Southeast Asian Kingdoms

Cebu had diplomatic recognition among the other kingdoms of Southeast Asia. When Ferdinand Magellan's expedition landed on the port-kingdom of Cebu; the expedition scribe noted that not long before, an embassy carried by a ship from Siam (

Thailand Thailand, officially the Kingdom of Thailand and historically known as Siam (the official name until 1939), is a country in Southeast Asia on the Mainland Southeast Asia, Indochinese Peninsula. With a population of almost 66 million, it spa ...

) arrived at Cebu and paid tribute to Rajah Humabon.

Dependencies of Cebu

Antonio Pigafetta, the expedition scribe, enumerated the towns and dependencies Cebu had. It is notable how the Spanish mispronounced the Tamil " Singhapala" (சிங்கப்பூர்) as "Cingapola".

Battle of Mactan

The Battle of Mactan was fought on 27 April 1521 between forces of Rajah Humabon which included the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan and Lapulapu, which resulted in the death of the former himself.

Reign of Rajah Tupas and the Legazpi Expedition

Sri Parang, the limp, also had a young son, Sri Tupas, also known as Rajah Tupas who succeeded Rajah Humabon as king of Cebu. There is linguistic evidence that Cebu tried to preserve its Indian-Malay roots as time wore on since Antonio Pigafetta the scribe of Magellan described Rajah Tupas' father, the brother of Rajah Humabon as a "Bendara" which means "Treasurer" or "Vizier" in Sanskritized MalayTHE GENEALOGY OF HARI' TUPAS: AN ETHNOHISTORY OF CHIEFLY POWER AND HIERARCHY IN SUGBU AS A PROTOSTATE Astrid Sala-Boza
Page 280. and is a shortening of the word "Bendahara" (भाण्डार) which means "Storage house" in Sanskrit.Becoming Indian: The Unfinished Revolution of Culture and Identity by Pavan K. Varma p.125 The Hindu polity was dissolved during the reign of Rajah Tupas by the forces of conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi in the battle of Cebu during 1565.

Relations with other kingdoms

The rajahs of Cebu were relatives to the rajahs of Butuan. Thus the monarchies of Cebu and Butuan had relations with each other, as evidenced by the fact that Rajah Colambu of Butuan gave guidance to the Magellan expedition to reach the island of Cebu. The rajahs of Butuan were descendants of Rajah Kiling, who according to Researcher Eric Casino, were not Visayan in origin but rather, Indian, because Kiling refers to the people of India. The Sejarah Melayu (Malay Annals) of the nearby country of Malaysia, point to the similarly worded Keling as the immigrant people from India to Southeast Asia. However, Cebu was not at peace with all kingdoms. Maynila, which was under the influence of Brunei and would later become the city of Manila had an arrogant attitude against Cebuanos and Visayans as the rajah of Maynila who had an Islamic name, Rajah Sulayman, ridiculed the Visayans that came and assisted the Legazpi expedition (which also included the Cebuanos) as an easily conquerable people. Fernao Mendes Pinto, among the earlier Portuguese colonists of Southeast Asia, pointed out that there were Muslims and non-Muslims among the inhabitants of the Philippines who fought each other.

Legacy

Indianization, although it was superseded by Hispanization, left markers in the Cebuano language and culture, such as religious practices and common vocabulary words whose origins are from Sanskrit and Tamil. There is also genetic evidence of South Asian or Indian Hindu influence in Cebu as according to genetic studies, the people of Cebu and

Bohol Bohol (), officially the Province of Bohol (; ), is an island province of the Philippines located in the Central Visayas Regions of the Philippines, region, consisting of the island itself and 75 minor surrounding islands. It is home to Bohola ...

have as much as 10-20% of their genetics taken from South Asian admixture.

Social hierarchy

Below the rulers were the Timawa, the feudal warrior class of the ancient Visayan societies of the Philippines who were regarded as higher than the '' uripon'' (commoners, serfs, and slaves) but below the '' tumao'' (royal

nobility Nobility is a social class found in many societies that have an aristocracy. It is normally appointed by and ranked immediately below royalty. Nobility has often been an estate of the realm with many exclusive functions and characteristics. T ...

) in the social hierarchy. They were roughly similar to the Tagalog '' Maharlika'' class.

Hindu-Buddhist artifacts

In 1921, Henry Otley Beyer found a crude Buddhist medallion and a copper statue of a Hindu deity, Ganesha, in ancient sites in Puerto Princesa, Palawan and in Mactan, Cebu. The crudeness of the artifacts indicates they were of local reproduction. The icons were destroyed during World War II. However, black and white photographs of these icons survive.

Modern name usage

There have been proposals to rename the current Central Visayas region, which is dominated by the Cebuano ethnic group, into Sugbu region, the former name of the region prior to Spanish colonization in the 16th century.

Notes

* https://web.archive.org/web/20110721110617/http://www.nhi.gov.ph/downloads/mp0073.pdf {{DEFAULTSORT:Cebu (historical polity) Former countries in Southeast Asia Former countries in Philippine history Precolonial barangays History of Cebu Hindu states