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Rafael Antonio Cortijo Verdejo (December 11, 1928 – October 3, 1982) was a Puerto Rican musician, orchestra leader, composer and percussion instrument craftsman.


Early career

As a child, Cortijo became interested in Caribbean music and enjoyed the works of some of the era's most successful Bomba y Plena music musicians. Throughout his life, he had a chance to meet and work with some of them, and learned how to make his own
conga The conga, also known as tumbadora, is a tall, narrow, single-headed drum from Cuba. Congas are staved like barrels and classified into three types: quinto (lead drum, highest), tres dos or tres golpes (middle), and tumba or salidor (lowest ...
s and pleneras, the handheld drums used in bomba and plena music. Salsa composer and singer Ismael Rivera met Cortijo when both were youngsters, as they both grew up in the Villa Palmeras neighborhood of Santurce; they became lifelong friends. Rivera was impressed with Cortijo's conga-playing skills and was asked to join his orchestra, which played at Fiestas patronales all over
Puerto Rico ; abbreviated PR), officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, is a Government of Puerto Rico, self-governing Caribbean Geography of Puerto Rico, archipelago and island organized as an Territories of the United States, unincorporated territo ...
. “Cortijo himself was discovered, or given his earliest encouragement by “Mr. Babalú,” the celebrated Cuban singer Miguelito Valdés. Getting his formal start in 1942 as a bongo player with Conjunto Monterey, the young Cortijo played with a range of groups in those years and made a radio appearance with Trio Matamoros. But its breakthrough came in 1954 when he joined pianist Rafael Ithier on the Secco label with his soulmate Ismael Rivera…”


Later career

By 1954, Cortijo was a member of "El Combo". His big break with the group came when El Combo's leader and pianist, Mario Román, left the band to Cortijo expecting to return to the band after a New York gig with Myrta Silva. Román never returned to the band in pursuit of other interests in New York's Latin music scene. Ismael Rivera, then the lead singer of Lito Peña's Orquesta Panamericana, joined Cortijo's orchestra known as Cortijo y su Combo in 1955. From then until 1960, his orchestra played live on Puerto Rican television shows (sometime in the 1960s, they became the house band at La Taberna India). Later on, Cortijo created another orchestra, "El Bonche" (Rafael Cortijo Y Su Bonche), where he was joined by his adopted niece, Fe Cortijo. Fe then became a well known singer on her own. Marvin Santiago became part of Cortijo's line-up around this time. With the group, Marvin Santiago recorded ''"Ahí Na Má! Put It There''" (1968).Santiago's first recorded tracks appeared on Rafael Cortijo Y Su Bonche's album ''"Ahí Na Má! Put It There''", released in 1968.Marvin Santiago El Sonero Del Pueblo Vida Y Obra DVD (Shanghai 1011, 2005)Cronología Marvin Santiago Rodríguez "El Sonero Del Pueblo"
Two of the tracks recorded where Santiago provided lead vocals, ''"Vasos En Colores"'' and ''"La Campana Del Lechón"'', were later recorded by Santiago as a solo artist. Santiago provided background vocals on other tracks from the album. Santiago also provided lead vocals for ''"Vasos En Colores"'' and ''"La Campana Del Lechón"'', which were later recorded by Santiago as a solo artist. Cortijo and Rivera went on to live in
New York City New York, often called New York City (NYC), is the most populous city in the United States, located at the southern tip of New York State on one of the world's largest natural harbors. The city comprises five boroughs, each coextensive w ...
. Cortijo, then, soon returned to Puerto Rico, where the composer, Tite Curet Alonso, forged a friendship with the impoverished star and helped Cortijo produce a comeback album.


Cortijo y su Combo

In 1954, Cortijo y su Combo was composed of Rafael Ithier on piano, Cortijo on timbal, Roberto Roena on bongo, Martín Quiñones on congas, Eddie Pérez (the "female" voice of the choros) and as singer the sonero Ismael Rivera. In addition to Miguel Cruz on bass, Kito Vélez and Mario Cora played trumpet. “Aside from its strikingly new musical sound and best-selling recordings, Cortijo y su Combo was also an act, an all-black performative presence on the cultural stage that had the effect of challenging many of the long-held values and prejudices of the national culture. Most significantly, they achieved immense and startling visibility on television – starring frequently in memorable showcase appearances in popular shows such as ''La Taberna India'' and ''El show del Mediodía''.” Ismael Rivera recorded the following songs with Cortijo y su Combo: *"El Bombón de Elena" *"El Negro Bembón" *"Juan José" *"Besitos de Coco" *"Palo Que Tú Me Das" *"Quítate de la Vía Perico" *"Oriza" *"El Chivo de la Campana" *"Maquinolandera" *"El Yayo" *"María Teresa" *"Yo Soy del Campo" The orchestra virtually disbanded in 1962 when Ismael Rivera was arrested for drug possession in
Panama Panama, officially the Republic of Panama, is a country in Latin America at the southern end of Central America, bordering South America. It is bordered by Costa Rica to the west, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the north, and ...
. According to later reports, various band members concealed illegal drug shipments regularly since they were rarely intercepted at Customs; in this particular occasion an inspection was indeed made, and Rivera willingly took the bulk of the rap for the entire group (including Cortijo, who was deeply affected by Rivera's plea and regretted it through the rest of his life).Their friendship was so important to Rivera, that when Cortijo died, Rivera said he would no longer sing. Rafael Ithier and other bandmates went on to found Puerto Rico's salsa group, " El Gran Combo". In 1973 Cortijo happened to meet the pianist working at WKDM radio in New York, Pepe Castillo, who provided ideas for arrangements that Cortijo would use in his final album, ''His Time Machine y su Máquina del Tiempo.'' Coco Records reunited all the former members of "Cortijo y su Combo" orchestra for a one-time-only concert and a subsequent studio recording was issued in 1974. The sound of the album was completely unique than his past works, since Castillo provided a fusion of Latin folklore and jazz in his arrangements that were not popularized at that time. Rafael Cortijo became well known across Latin America. He attributed his success to the sound of his percussion, according to Cortijo, Afro-Caribbean music was known worldwide. A member of the Conjunto Monterrey, based in
Monterrey Monterrey (, , abbreviated as MtY) is the capital and largest city of the northeastern Mexican state of Nuevo León. It is the ninth-largest city and the second largest metropolitan area, after Greater Mexico City. Located at the foothills of th ...
, Mexico, he later toured with Daniel Santos' orchestra and worked on radio.


Death

Cortijo died of pancreatic
cancer Cancer is a group of diseases involving Cell growth#Disorders, abnormal cell growth with the potential to Invasion (cancer), invade or Metastasis, spread to other parts of the body. These contrast with benign tumors, which do not spread. Po ...
on October 3, 1982, at his sister Rosa Cortijo's apartment in the Luis Llorens Torres public housing project in Santurce, Puerto Rico. He was buried at Cementerio San José in
San Juan, Puerto Rico San Juan ( , ; Spanish for "Saint John the Baptist, John") is the capital city and most populous Municipalities of Puerto Rico, municipality in the Commonwealth (U.S. insular area), Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, an unincorporated territory of the ...
. He was posthumously inducted into the
International Latin Music Hall of Fame The International Latin Music Hall of Fame (ILMHF) was an annual event established in 1999 and held in New York City to honor artists who have largely contributed to the Latin music genre. In addition to the induction into the Hall of Fame, the a ...
.


References


External links

* {{DEFAULTSORT:Cortijo, Rafael 1928 births 1982 deaths Puerto Rican people of African descent Musicians from Santurce, Puerto Rico 20th-century Puerto Rican musicians American percussionists Barril players Deaths from pancreatic cancer in the United States Deaths from cancer in Puerto Rico 20th-century drummers 20th-century African-American musicians