''Radix'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial n ...

of air-breathing

freshwater snail Freshwater snails are gastropod mollusks which live in fresh water. There are many different families. They are found throughout the world in various habitats, ranging from ephemeral pools to the largest lakes, and from small seeps and springs ...

s, aquatic pulmonate gastropods in the

family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...

Lymnaeidae Lymnaeidae, common name the pond snails, is a taxonomic family of small to large air-breathing freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusks, that belong to the clade Hygrophila. Lymnaeidae is the only family within the superfam ...

, the pond snails.Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2013). ''Radix'' Montfort, 1810. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=248262 on 2013-06-06 The genus ''Radix'' has a

Palaearctic The Palearctic or Palaearctic is the largest of the eight biogeographic realms of the Earth. It stretches across all of Eurasia north of the foothills of the Himalayas, and North Africa. The realm consists of several bioregions: the Euro-Si ...

distribution.

Phylogeny

Correa et al. (2010) confirmed that the placement of these species within the genus ''Radix'' reflected their phylogenetic relationship. A

cladogram A cladogram (from Greek ''clados'' "branch" and ''gramma'' "character") is a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms. A cladogram is not, however, an evolutionary tree because it does not show how ancestors are related to ...

showing phylogenic relations of species in the genus ''Radix'': The haploid number of chromosomes of all species in the genus ''Radix'' is 17 (n=17).

Species

The taxonomic status of certain species in the genus ''Radix'' has been disputed. Remigio (2002) reported sequence divergence within the 16S mitochondrial gene of ''

Radix peregra ''Peregriana peregra'' is a species of air-breathing freshwater snail, an aquatic pulmonate gastropod in the family Lymnaeidae, the pond snails. Distribution and habitat This small pond snail is found in Europe, Newfoundland and northern Asi ...

'' and ''

Radix ovata ''Radix balthica'', common name the wandering snail, is a species of air-breathing freshwater snail, an aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Lymnaeidae, the pond snails.Neubauer, Thomas A.; Rosenberg, G.; Gofas, S. (2014). Radi ...

''. Furthermore, the shell morphology and alloenzyme data indicated that ''Radix peregra'' and ''Radix ovata'' are distinct. In contrast, Bargues et al. (2001) considered, on the basis of ITS-2 sequence analysis, that ''R. peregra'', ''R. ovata'', and ''R. balthica'' are in fact

conspecific Biological specificity is the tendency of a characteristic such as a behavior or a biochemical variation to occur in a particular species. Biochemist Linus Pauling stated that "Biological specificity is the set of characteristics of living organ ...

. * † ''Radix (Lytostoma) grammica'' (Brusina, 1872) * '' Radix acuminata'' (Lamarck, 1822) * † '' Radix alta'' Macaleț, 2000 * † ''

Radix alutae In a positional numeral system, the radix or base is the number of unique digits, including the digit zero, used to represent numbers. For example, for the decimal/denary system (the most common system in use today) the radix (base number) is ...

'' (Jekelius, 1932) * † ''

Radix amaradica In a positional numeral system, the radix or base is the number of unique digits, including the digit zero, used to represent numbers. For example, for the decimal/denary system (the most common system in use today) the radix (base number) is ...

'' Macaleț, 2000 * '' Radix ampla'' (Hartmann, 1821) * ''

Radix andersoniana In a positional numeral system, the radix or base is the number of unique numerical digit, digits, including the digit zero, used to represent numbers. For example, for the decimal/denary system (the most common system in use today) the radix (b ...

'' (Nevill, 1881) * ''

Radix auricularia ''Radix auricularia'', the big-ear radix, is a species of medium-sized freshwater snail, an aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Lymnaeidae.Neubauer, Thomas A.; Rosenberg, G.; Gofas, S. (2014). Radix auricularia (Linnaeus, 1758 ...

'' (Linnaeus, 1758) -

type species In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specimen( ...

** ''Radix auricularia japonica'' Jay, 1857 - at Japanese Wikipedia * ''

Radix bactriana In a positional numeral system, the radix or base is the number of unique digits, including the digit zero, used to represent numbers. For example, for the decimal/denary system (the most common system in use today) the radix (base number) is ...

'' (Annandale & Prashad, 1919) * † ''

Radix balatonica In a positional numeral system, the radix or base is the number of unique digits, including the digit zero, used to represent numbers. For example, for the decimal/denary system (the most common system in use today) the radix (base number) is ...

'' (Fuchs, 1870) * '' Radix balthica'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * † '' Radix berbestiensis'' Macaleț, 2000 * † '' Radix bogdanensis'' Macaleț, 2000 * '' Radix brevicauda'' (G. B. Sowerby II, 1872) * † ''

Radix calavardensis In a positional numeral system, the radix or base is the number of unique digits, including the digit zero, used to represent numbers. For example, for the decimal/denary system (the most common system in use today) the radix (base number) is ...

'' (Bukowski, 1896) * † '' Radix croatica'' (Gorjanović-Kramberger, 1890) * † '' Radix cucuronensis'' (Fontannes, 1878) * † '' Radix dilatata'' (Noulet, 1854) * † '' Radix dilleri'' (Neumayr, 1883) * † ''

Radix enzenbachensis In a positional numeral system, the radix or base is the number of unique digits, including the digit zero, used to represent numbers. For example, for the decimal/denary system (the most common system in use today) the radix (base number) is ...

'' Neubauer & Harzhauser in Harzhauser et al., 2014 * † '' Radix extensa'' (Gorjanović-Kramberger, 1890) * ''

Radix gebleri In a positional numeral system, the radix or base is the number of unique digits, including the digit zero, used to represent numbers. For example, for the decimal/denary system (the most common system in use today) the radix (base number) is t ...

'' (Middendorff, 1851) * ''

Radix gedrosiana In a positional numeral system, the radix or base is the number of unique digits, including the digit zero, used to represent numbers. For example, for the decimal/denary system (the most common system in use today) the radix (base number) is ...

'' (Annandale & Prashad, 1919) * ''

Radix hordeum In a positional numeral system, the radix or base is the number of unique digits, including the digit zero, used to represent numbers. For example, for the decimal/denary system (the most common system in use today) the radix (base number) is ...

'' (Mousson, 1874) * ''

Radix hubrechti In a positional numeral system, the radix or base is the number of unique digits, including the digit zero, used to represent numbers. For example, for the decimal/denary system (the most common system in use today) the radix (base number) is ...

'' Qian, Yang & He, 2012 * † ''

Radix impressa In a positional numeral system, the radix or base is the number of unique digits, including the digit zero, used to represent numbers. For example, for the decimal/denary system (the most common system in use today) the radix (base number) is ...

'' (Sinzov, 1875) * '' Radix iranica'' (Annandale & Prashad, 1919) * † '' Radix jaksici'' (Brusina, 1902) * '' Radix jordii'' Altaba, 2007 * ''

Radix kamtschatica In a positional numeral system, the radix or base is the number of unique digits, including the digit zero, used to represent numbers. For example, for the decimal/denary system (the most common system in use today) the radix (base number) is t ...

'' (Middendorff, 1851) * † ''

Radix kobelti In a positional numeral system, the radix or base is the number of unique digits, including the digit zero, used to represent numbers. For example, for the decimal/denary system (the most common system in use today) the radix (base number) is ...

'' (Brusina, 1884) * † '' Radix korlevici'' (Brusina, 1884) * † ''

Radix kurelaci In a positional numeral system, the radix or base is the number of unique digits, including the digit zero, used to represent numbers. For example, for the decimal/denary system (the most common system in use today) the radix (base number) is ...

'' (Brusina, 1902) * ''

Radix labiata ''Peregriana peregra'' is a species of air-breathing freshwater snail, an Aquatic animal, aquatic pulmonate gastropod in the family (biology), family Lymnaeidae, the pond snails. Distribution and habitat This small pond snail is found in Europe ...

'' (Rossmässler, 1835) * † ''

Radix laevigata In a positional numeral system, the radix or base is the number of unique digits, including the digit zero, used to represent numbers. For example, for the decimal/denary system (the most common system in use today) the radix (base number) is ...

'' (Eichwald, 1853) * '' Radix lagotis'' (Schrank, 1803) * † ''

Radix lazarevici In a positional numeral system, the radix or base is the number of unique numerical digit, digits, including the digit zero, used to represent numbers. For example, for the decimal/denary system (the most common system in use today) the radix (b ...

'' (Brusina, 1902) * '' Radix lilli'' Glöer & Beckmann, 2007Glöer P. & Beckmann K.-H. (2007). "''Radix lilli'' n. sp. und drei neue ''Bithynia''-Arten von den Balearen (Gastropoda: Bithyniidae, Lymnaeidae). pp. 163-170. In: Beckmann K.-H.: ''Die Land- und Süßwassermollusken der Balearischen Inseln''. ConchBooks, Hackenheim, 255 pp., . * ''

Radix linae ''Radix linae'' is a species of freshwater snail, a gastropod mollusk in the family Lymnaeidae. Distribution * The Balearic Islands The Balearic Islands ( es, Islas Baleares ; or ca, Illes Balears ) are an archipelago in the Bale ...

'' Altaba, 2007 * ''

Radix luteola ''Radix luteola'' is a species of freshwater snail, an aquatic gastropod mollusc in the family Lymnaeidae. Placement of this species within the genus ''Radix'' was confirmed by Correa et al. (2010).Correa C. A., Escobar J. S., Durand P., ...

'' (Lamarck, 1822) * † '' Radix lytostomopsis'' (Brusina, 1902) * † ''

Radix macaleti In a positional numeral system, the radix or base is the number of unique digits, including the digit zero, used to represent numbers. For example, for the decimal/denary system (the most common system in use today) the radix (base number) is ...

'' Neubauer, Harzhauser, Kroh, Georgopoulou & Mandic, 2014 * † '' Radix marinescui'' Macaleț, 2000 * † ''

Radix minutissima In a positional numeral system, the radix or base is the number of unique digits, including the digit zero, used to represent numbers. For example, for the decimal/denary system (the most common system in use today) the radix (base number) is ...

'' (Greppin, 1855) * ''

Radix namucuoensis In a positional numeral system, the radix or base is the number of unique digits, including the digit zero, used to represent numbers. For example, for the decimal/denary system (the most common system in use today) the radix (base number) is ...

'' Qian, Yang & He, 2012 * ''

Radix natalensis ''Radix natalensis'' is a species of freshwater snail, an aquatic gastropod mollusc in the family Lymnaeidae. This species occurs widely in Africa. It is a major intermediate host for '' Fasciola gigantica'' in Africa. Placement of this spe ...

'' (Krauss, 1848) * † ''

Radix navarroi In a positional numeral system, the radix or base is the number of unique digits, including the digit zero, used to represent numbers. For example, for the decimal/denary system (the most common system in use today) the radix (base number) is ...

'' (Royo Gómez, 1922) * † '' Radix novorossica'' (Sinzov, 1877) * † '' Radix obtusissima'' (Deshayes, 1838) * ''

'' (Draparnaud, 1805) = '' Radix balthica'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * † '' Radix papaianopoli'' Macaleț, 2000 * † '' Radix paucispira'' (Fuchs, 1870) * ''

'' (O. F. Müller, 1774) = ''

'' (Rossmässler, 1835) * † ''

Radix pergamenica In a positional numeral system, the radix or base is the number of unique digits, including the digit zero, used to represent numbers. For example, for the decimal/denary system (the most common system in use today) the radix (base number) is ...

'' (Oppenheim, 1919) * ''

Radix persica In a positional numeral system, the radix or base is the number of unique digits, including the digit zero, used to represent numbers. For example, for the decimal/denary system (the most common system in use today) the radix (base number) is ...

'' (Issel, 1865) * † '' Radix phrygoovata'' (Oppenheim, 1919) * '' Radix pinteri'' Schütt, 1974 * † '' Radix plicata'' (Sacco, 1884) * † '' Radix podarensis'' Macaleț, 2000 * † '' Radix pseudoovata'' (d'Orbigny, 1852) * '' Radix relicta'' Polinski, 1929 * † '' Radix rippensis'' (Almera & Bofill y Poch, 1895) * ''

Radix rubiginosa ''Radix rubiginosa'' is a species of air-breathing freshwater snail, an aquatic pulmonate gastropod in the family Lymnaeidae, the pond snails. This species is sometimes treated as a subspecies of ''Radix auricularia''. Distribution This spe ...

'' (Michelin, 1831) * † '' Radix simplex'' (Gorjanović-Kramberger, 1899) * † '' Radix socialis'' (von Zieten, 1832) * † ''

Radix subauricularia In a positional numeral system, the radix or base is the number of unique digits, including the digit zero, used to represent numbers. For example, for the decimal/denary system (the most common system in use today) the radix (base number) is ...

'' (d'Orbigny, 1852) * † ''

Radix subinflata In a positional numeral system, the radix or base is the number of unique digits, including the digit zero, used to represent numbers. For example, for the decimal/denary system (the most common system in use today) the radix (base number) is ...

'' (d'Orbigny, 1852) * † '' Radix sublimosa'' (Sinzov, 1875) * † '' Radix subovata'' (von Zieten, 1832) * † ''

Radix zelli In a positional numeral system, the radix or base is the number of unique digits, including the digit zero, used to represent numbers. For example, for the decimal/denary system (the most common system in use today) the radix (base number) is ...

'' (Hörnes, 1856) Or instead perhaps: * ''R. peregra'' = ''R. ovata'' = ''R. balthica'' ;Taxa inquirenda: * ''Radix middendorffi'' (W. Dybowski, 1903) ;Species brought into synonymy: * ''Radix (Radix) dupuyana'' (Noulet, 1854): synonym of † ''

Galba dupuyiana Galba (; born Servius Sulpicius Galba; 24 December 3 BC – 15 January AD 69) was the sixth Roman emperor, ruling from AD 68 to 69. After his adoption by his stepmother, and before becoming emperor, he was known as Livius Ocella Sulpicius Ga ...

'' (Noulet, 1854) * † ''Radix (Radix) hyaloleuca'' (Brusina, 1902): synonym of † '' Radix korlevici'' (Brusina, 1884) * † ''Radix (Radix) limosa'' (Linnaeus, 1758): synonym of '' Radix balthica'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * † ''Radix (Radix) peregra'' (Müller, 1774): synonym of ''

'' (Rossmässler, 1835) * ''Radix auriculatus'' Montfort, 1810: synonym of ''

'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * ''Radix altus'' Macaleț, 2000: synonym of † '' Radix alta'' Macaleț, 2000 * † ''Radix amaradicus'' Macaleț, 2000: synonym of † ''

'' Macaleț, 2000 * ''Radix deydieri'' (Fontannes, 1878): synonym of † '' Radix cucuronensis'' (Fontannes, 1878) * † ''Radix hyaloleuca'' (Brusina, 1902): synonym of † '' Radix korlevici'' (Brusina, 1884) * † ''Radix kuzmici'' (Brusina, 1897): synonym of † '' Boskovicia kuzmici'' Brusina, 1897 * ''Radix ovata'' ''(Draparnaud, 1805)'': synonym of '' Radix balthica'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * † ''Radix peregra'' (O. F. Müller, 1774): synonym of ''

'' (Rossmässler, 1835) * † ''Radix socialis'' Macaleț, 2000: synonym of † ''

'' Neubauer, Harzhauser, Kroh, Georgopoulou & Mandic, 2014

Parasites

Species within the genus ''Radix'' are utilized as intermediate hosts by several different

trematode Trematoda is a Class (biology), class of flatworms known as flukes. They are obligate parasite, obligate internal Parasitism, parasites with a complex biological life cycle, life cycle requiring at least two Host_(biology), hosts. The intermedia ...

species: *'' Trichobilharzia'' spp. *''

Fasciola hepatica ''Fasciola hepatica'', also known as the common liver fluke or sheep liver fluke, is a parasitism, parasitic trematode (fluke or flatworm, a type of helminth) of the class (biology), class Trematoda, phylum Platyhelminthes. It infects the liver ...

'' *''

Fasciola gigantica ''Fasciola gigantica'' is a parasitic flatworm of the class Trematoda, which causes tropical fascioliasis. It is regarded as one of the most important single platyhelminth infections of ruminants in Asia and Africa. Estimates of infectio ...

'' *''

Fascioloides magna ''Fascioloides magna'', also known as giant liver fluke, large American liver fluke or deer fluke, is trematode parasite that occurs in wild and domestic ruminants in North America and Europe. Adult flukes occur in the liver of the definitive hos ...

'' *''

Plagiorchis neomidis ''Plagiorchis'' is a genus of parasitic trematodes (flukes) in the family Plagiorchiidae Plagiorchiidae is a family of parasitic trematodes (flukes) in the order Plagiorchiida Plagiorchiida is a large order of trematodes, synonymous to Ech ...

'' *''

Haplometra cylindracea ''Haplometra cylindracea'' is a trematode parasite of frogs. Adult worms measure usually 10 mm and they are located in the lungs. ''H. cylindracea'' develops through 2 intermediate hosts: the first, a freshwater snail, the second, a water b ...

'' *''

Echinostoma ''Echinostoma'' is a genus of trematodes (flukes), which can infect both humans and other animals. These intestinal flukes have a three-host life cycle with snails or other aquatic organisms as intermediate hosts, and a variety of animals, inc ...

'' spp.

References

* Vinarski V.M. (2013) ''One, two, or several? How many lymnaeid genera are there?'' Ruthenica 23(1): 41-58. {{taxonbar, from=Q287565 Lymnaeidae Palearctic molluscs Gastropod genera