, was a landmark United Kingdom criminal law case where the required elements to satisfy the legal test for gross negligence manslaughter at

common law Common law (also known as judicial precedent, judge-made law, or case law) is the body of law primarily developed through judicial decisions rather than statutes. Although common law may incorporate certain statutes, it is largely based on prece ...

were endorsed and refined. It was held that in cases of manslaughter by criminal negligence involving a breach of duty the gross negligence test relied on by the Court of Appeal was sufficient and that it was not necessary to direct a jury to consider whether the recklessness definition should be applied. The test, as set out in ''R v Bateman'' 19 Cr. App. R.8 and ''Andrews v DPP'' 937AC 576, confirmed that there needed to be in existence a breach of duty of care where the serious and obvious risk of death was reasonably foreseeable and that the breach or omission in question caused actual death and that the conduct of the defendant, when all the circumstances were considered, was so bad as to amount to a criminal act or omission. The requirement to show that the defendant's breach of duty was "gross" helped develop the definition of gross negligence.

Facts

On 4 January 1987, Alan Loveland, a thirty-three-year-old man, underwent an eye operation for detached retina.Alghrani, A. Griffiths, D. Bennett, R. Sanders, A. Ost, S. At 9:45 am,

anaesthesia Anesthesia (American English) or anaesthesia (British English) is a state of controlled, temporary loss of sensation or awareness that is induced for medical or veterinary purposes. It may include some or all of analgesia (relief from or prev ...

and paralysis were induced by the intravenous administration of drugs and an endotracheal tube was inserted to enable the patient to breathe with the aid of a mechanical ventilator. At 45 minutes into the operation there was a change of anaesthetist from the registrar, Dr. Said and his assistant, to Dr John Adomako, a locum peripatetic. Around 35 minutes later, the supply of oxygen to the patient was interrupted by the endotracheal tube becoming disconnected. The disconnected ventilator went unnoticed and unremedied by the appellant, Dr Adomako. It was not until an alarm sounded on a blood pressure monitoring machine that the anaesthetist was alerted to a problem of some kind at which point Dr Adomako checked various pieces of equipment but failed to notice the disconnected oxygen tube which by now had not been supplying oxygen for at least four and a half minutes. A period of hypoxia led to cardiac arrest at 11:14 am, some 11 minutes after the tube became disconnected. It was the eye surgeon who noticed that the ventilator was disconnected and this was after resuscitation had commenced. Although Alan Loveland was successfully resuscitated, the prolonged period of oxygen deprivation caused

cerebral hypoxia Cerebral hypoxia is a form of Hypoxia (medical), hypoxia (reduced supply of oxygen), specifically involving the human brain, brain; when the brain is completely deprived of oxygen, it is called ''cerebral anoxia''. There are four categories of c ...

leading to severe brain damage. Alan Loveland never regained consciousness and died 6 months later. On 26 January 1990 a jury convicted John Adomako of gross negligence manslaughter by a majority of 11 to 1. Mr Adomako appealed his conviction challenging the basis that a breach of duty should not have amounted to

involuntary manslaughter Manslaughter is a common law legal term for homicide considered by law as less culpable than murder. The distinction between murder and manslaughter is sometimes said to have first been made by the ancient Athenian lawmaker Draco in the 7th ce ...

, however, his conviction was upheld by the House of Lords.

Judgment

Mr Adomako's appeal was dismissed. The House of Lords held that the ordinary common law principles of negligence had to be applied and that it needed to be established whether the appellant's negligent conduct was so bad in all the circumstances as to amount to a criminal act or omission. Adomako was under a duty to act as a reasonable anaesthetist. The House of Lords in ''R v Adomako'' clarified the requisite elements for gross negligence manslaughter at common law with a four-part test which became known as the ''Adomako test'': Lord Mackay of Clashfern expanded on how the test for involuntary manslaughter was formulated:

Circularity of the ''Adomako'' test

The application of the test for gross negligence manslaughter in ''Adomako'' has been identified as involving an element of circularity. Lord Mackay conceded that the formulation of the test involved a circularity element but that this was not fatal to this test being the right one in order to identify how far the defendant's "conduct must depart from accepted standards to be characterised as criminal". The circularity problem is that the jury must be directed to convict the defendant if they, the jury, believe the conduct of the defendant was "criminal". This, however, leaves the burden of a question of law to be decided by the jury where they would not usually be expected to supply reasons for their verdicts which, in turn, leads to the problem of not being able to readily identify which criteria the jury applied for their determination in a certain case.

Grossness element

The determination of the element of "grossness" in negligence can be variable and inexact. In a criminal court, it must be established that there is ''

mens rea In criminal law, (; Law Latin for "guilty mind") is the mental state of a defendant who is accused of committing a crime. In common law jurisdictions, most crimes require proof both of ''mens rea'' and '' actus reus'' ("guilty act") before th ...

'', where the extent of the defendant's liability depends on the amount of damage done and the degree of negligence. It is for the jury to examine the defendant's conduct in order to determine whether the element of "grossness" is sufficiently serious that it amounts to a criminal offence and would therefore warrant criminal liability for manslaughter. In the case of ''Adomako'', the breach of duty was so serious that the appellant's conduct amounted to "a gross dereliction of care".

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