RPL
(Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks) is a routing protocol for wireless networks with low power consumption and generally susceptible to packet loss. It is a proactive protocol based on distance vectors and operates on
IEEE 802.15.4
IEEE 802.15.4 is a technical standard which defines the operation of a low-rate wireless personal area network (LR-WPAN). It specifies the physical layer and media access control for LR-WPANs, and is maintained by the IEEE 802.15 working group, ...
,
optimized for multi-hop and many-to-one communication, but also supports one-to-one messages.
This protocol is specified in with special applications in RFCs . RPL can support a wide variety of link layers, including those with limitations, with potential losses or that are used in devices with limited resources. This protocol can quickly create network routes, share routing knowledge and adapt the topology in an efficient way.
Protocol configuration
RPL
creates a topology similar to a tree (DAG or
directed acyclic graph
In mathematics, particularly graph theory, and computer science, a directed acyclic graph (DAG) is a directed graph with no directed cycles. That is, it consists of vertices and edges (also called ''arcs''), with each edge directed from one v ...
). Each node within the network has an assigned rank (Rank), which increases as the teams move away from the root node (DODAG
). The nodes resend packets using the lowest range as the route selection criteria.
Three control messages are defined in
ICMPv6
Internet Control Message Protocol version 6 (ICMPv6) is the implementation of the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) for Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6). ICMPv6 is an integral part of IPv6 and performs error reporting and diagnostic fu ...
via :
* DIS (information request DODAG
): Used to request information from nearby DODAG, analogous to router request messages used to discover existing networks.
* DIO (object of information of the DAG): Message that shares information from the DAG, sent in response to DIS messages, as well as used periodically to refresh the information of the nodes on the topology of the network.
* DAO (object of update to the destination): Sent in the direction of the DODAG, it is a message sent by the teams to update the information of their "parent" nodes throughout the DAG.
Implementation
The implementation of the RPL protocol occurs in wireless sensors and networks, the most used operating system for its implementation is
Contiki
Contiki is an operating system for networked, memory-constrained systems with a focus on low-power wireless Internet of Things (IoT) devices. Extant uses for Contiki include systems for street lighting, sound monitoring for smart cities, radiat ...
which is a small open source operating system developed for use in a number of small systems ranging from 8-bit computers to integrated systems on microcontrollers, including sensor network nodes.
Other operating systems
The RPL protocol is implemented in other operating systems, such as:
*
LiteOS
Huawei LiteOS was a lightweight real-time operating system (RTOS) developed by Huawei. It is an open source, POSIX compliant operating system for Internet of things (IoT) devices, released under a three-clause BSD license. Microcontrollers of di ...
is an edition of the
Zorin OS Zorin may refer to:
People
* Andrei Zorin (born 1997), Russian footballer
* Leonid Zorin, (1924–2020), Russian playwright
* Sergey Zorin (1891–1937), Soviet politician
* Simcha Zorin (1902–1974), Soviet Jewish partisan in World War II
* ...
operating system designed for low-resource computers, developed in principle for calculators, but which has also been used for sensor networks.
*
TinyOs
TinyOS is an embedded, component-based operating system and platform for low-power wireless devices, such as those used in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), smartdust, ubiquitous computing, personal area networks, building automation, and smart ...
was the first operating system oriented to the
wireless sensor network
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) refer to networks of spatially dispersed and dedicated sensors that monitor and record the physical conditions of the environment and forward the collected data to a central location. WSNs can measure environmental c ...
(WSN), works through events and guided tasks, and uses an extension of the C language, called nesC. TinyOS is implemented as a set of cooperating tasks and processes and it determines the priorities between tasks and events.
*
T-Kernel
T-Kernel is an open source real-time operating system (RTOS) designed for 32-bit microcontrollers. It is standardized by the T-Engine Forum, which distributes it under a '' T-License'' agreement. There is also a corresponding Micro T-Kernel (μT-K ...
is an operating system that accepts applications as executable images in basic instructions. Therefore, it will not matter if it is written in
C++ or Assembly language.
*
EyeOS is defined as a desktop environment based on Web, which allows monitoring and access to a remote system through a simple search engine.
*
RIOT
A riot is a form of civil disorder commonly characterized by a group lashing out in a violent public disturbance against authority, property, or people.
Riots typically involve destruction of property, public or private. The property target ...
is a small operating system for networked, memory-constrained systems with a focus on low-power wireless Internet of Things (IoT) devices.
References
{{reflist
External links
Contiki OSTinyOST-Kernel
Routing protocols