''Roto'', f. ''rota'', (literally "torn" or "broken") is a term used to refer to
Chilean people
Chileans (, ) are an ethnic group and nation native to the country of Chile and its neighboring Insular Chile, insular territories. Most Chileans share a common Culture of Chile, culture, History of Chile, history, Cultural heritage, ancestry ...
and in particular to the common Chilean. In
Chile
Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in western South America. It is the southernmost country in the world and the closest to Antarctica, stretching along a narrow strip of land between the Andes, Andes Mountains and the Paci ...
, from the start of the 20th century, it was applied with a negative
classist connotation to poor city-dwellers. It is also used contemptuously in other Spanish-speaking countries, especially
Bolivia
Bolivia, officially the Plurinational State of Bolivia, is a landlocked country located in central South America. The country features diverse geography, including vast Amazonian plains, tropical lowlands, mountains, the Gran Chaco Province, w ...
and
Peru
Peru, officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in western South America. It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia, in the east by Brazil, in the southeast by Bolivia, in the south by Chile, and in the south and west by the Pac ...
, to refer to Chileans in a derogatory manner. Otherwise, despite its defects, the roto is also considered a figure of national identity and pride in Chile.
Historical usage
The term ''roto'' has been used in
Peru
Peru, officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in western South America. It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia, in the east by Brazil, in the southeast by Bolivia, in the south by Chile, and in the south and west by the Pac ...
since the times of the
Spanish conquest, when
Diego de Almagro's disappointed troops returned to
Cuzco
Cusco or Cuzco (; or , ) is a city in southeastern Peru, near the Sacred Valley of the Andes mountain range and the Huatanay river. It is the capital of the eponymous province and department.
The city was the capital of the Inca Empire unti ...
(after a failed gold-seeking expedition in Chile) with their torn clothes, due to the extensive and laborious passage on foot through the
Atacama Desert
The Atacama Desert () is a desert plateau located on the Pacific Ocean, Pacific coast of South America, in the north of Chile. Stretching over a strip of land west of the Andes Mountains, it covers an area of , which increases to if the barre ...
. In the early days of
Santiago
Santiago (, ; ), also known as Santiago de Chile (), is the capital and largest city of Chile and one of the largest cities in the Americas. It is located in the country's central valley and is the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Regi ...
its inhabitants were notoriously poorly dressed as result of a lack of food and supplies. Some Spanish came to dress with
hides from dogs, cats,
sea lions and
foxes
Foxes are small-to-medium-sized omnivorous mammals belonging to several genera of the family Canidae. They have a flattened skull; upright, triangular ears; a pointed, slightly upturned snout; and a long, bushy tail ("brush").
Twelve species ...
.
This term became more used after the
Chilean campaigns against the Peru-Bolivian Confederation in 1836, when Chilean troops defeated the confederation at the
Battle of Yungay on 20 January 1839. In Chile, tributes were paid to the victors of Yungay and, in a gesture of recognition, 20 January was declared the ''
Día del Roto Chileno'' (Day of the Chilean Roto), and the
War of the Pacific
The War of the Pacific (), also known by War of the Pacific#Etymology, multiple other names, was a war between Chile and a Treaty of Defensive Alliance (Bolivia–Peru), Bolivian–Peruvian alliance from 1879 to 1884. Fought over Atacama Desert ...
(1879–84).
The figure of the ''Chilean Roto'' is commemorated by very diverse organisations and actors such as the
Chilean Army, ultra-nationalist activists, the Communist Party and local organisations of ordinary citizens. The Army has a particular appreciation to the figure which was regarded as the main hero –a collective and anonymous hero- of some of the most crucial battles in the war against Bolivia and Peru.
In this context, the webpage of the Chilean Army states:
[http://www.ejercito.cl/historia/hisp-ind.htm ; 15 December 2004]
See also
*
Descamisado
References
{{Ethnic slurs
Anti-Chilean sentiment
Culture of Chile
Chilean nationalism
Class-related slurs
Ethnic and religious slurs
Poverty in South America
Urban culture
Working class
Working class in South America
National personifications
Fictional Chilean people