RMS Alcantara (1913)

RMS ''Alcantara'' was an ocean liner which entered service just weeks before the start of World War I, was converted to an armed merchant cruiser in 1915, and was sunk in combat with the German armed merchant cruiser in the Action of 29 February 1916.

Ocean liner

Harland and Wolff in Govan built ''Alcantara'' for the Royal Mail Steam Packet Company. She was one of the later members of RMSP's "A-series" of liners, which had begun with RMS ''Aragon'' launched in 1905. In common with all of the last four "A-series" ships, ''Alcantara'' had triple screws Propelles. A pair of four-cylinder triple-expansion steam engines drove the port and starboard pair. Exhaust steam from their low-pressure cylinders powered a Parsons low-pressure steam turbine that drove the middle screw propeller .

''Alcantara'' was launched on 30 October 1913 and made her maiden voyage in June 1914 on RMSP's route from Southampton to Rio de Janeiro, Montevideo and Buenos Aires.

''Alcantara'' was registered at Belfast. Her UK official number was 132050 and her code letters were JFPR.

HMS ''Alcantara''

In April 1915 the British Admiralty requisitioned ''Alcantara'' and her "A-series" sisters , and ''Andes'' to be armed merchant cruisers. She was armed with eight 6-inch guns, two six-pounder anti-aircraft guns, and depth charges. On 17 April at Liverpool she was commissioned into the Royal Navy's 10th Cruiser Squadron as HMS ''Alcantara'', with the pennant number M 94. ''Arlanza'' and ''Andes'' were also commissioned into the 10th Cruiser Squadron, which joined the Northern Patrol that was part of the First World War Allied naval blockade of the Central Powers. The Squadron patrolled about of the North Sea, Norwegian Sea and Arctic Ocean to prevent German access to or from the North Atlantic.

German submarine attacks on ships voyaging to and from Archangelsk created a suspicion that the Imperial German Navy had established a submarine base somewhere in the Arctic. In the summer of 1915 ''Alcantara'' was sent to Jan Mayen Island to investigate. She arrived on 3 July and sent a landing party ashore. It found no evidence of enemy activity; only the remains of the Austro-Hungarian North Pole Expedition base built in 1882 and three Arctic fox cubs, which for a short time were taken aboard as pets.

Battle with ''Greif''

In January 1916 ''Alcantara'' embarked on the 10th Cruiser Squadron's G patrol. She was due to return to port on 1 March, but on the morning of 29 February 1916 she was northeast of Shetland ''en route'' to a rendezvous with ''Andes'' she intercepted the Imperial German Navy merchant raider ''Greif'' disguised as the Norwegian merchant ship ''Rena'' with a home port of Tønsberg, Norway. At 0915 hrs at a range of ''Alcantara'' ordered ''Greif'' to stop for inspection, which she did. ''Alcantara''s ship's company went to action stations, she trained her guns on ''Greif'', closed to 2,000 yards and slowed to lower a cutter to put an armed guard aboard the suspect ship.

At 0940 hrs ''Greif'' increased speed and opened fire. One source claims she raised the Imperial German war ensign (''"Kriegsflagge"''). However, ''Alcantara''s commanding officer, Captain Thomas Wardle, reported that after lowering the Norwegian ensign ''Greif'' fought under no flag. The first shell hit ''Alcantara''s bridge, disabling her steering gear, engine order telegraph and all telephones and killing or wounding a number of men. Wardle ordered full speed and opened fire at a range of . A messenger was sent aft and got ''Alcantara''s after emergency steering gear connected.

''Greif'' turned to starboard and closed range to . Several German shells hit ''Alcantara'' near her waterline, entering her stokehold bunkers and engine room. ''Greif'' tried to torpedo ''Alcantara''. Wardle reported that evasive action at 1002 hrs allowed the torpedo to pass clear under ''Alcantara''s stern, but another source states that a torpedo detonated amidships against ''Alcantara''s port side. A shell from ''Alcantara''s port after gun hit and detonated the ready ammunition for ''Greif''s after gun, putting it out of action. By 1015 hrs ''Greif'' was badly afire by her bridge and seemed to have stopped. At 1022 hrs ''Alcantara'' saw boats leaving ''Greif'' and ceased fire.

''Greif'' then fired one more shot, and ''Alcantara'' returned fire. The one shot was later attributed to a shell left in the breech of an abandoned gun being fired by the heat of the fire now raging aboard ''Greif''.

By 1035 hrs ''Alcantara'' was reduced to about and her after steering gear was disabled. Her helm seemed to be jammed hard over to starboard but she was turning to starboard. Wardle ordered his company to cease fire, stop engines, and go to boat stations. The order to stop engines was not received, but flooding in the engine room stopped them. Several of ''Alcantara''s lifeboat falls had been damaged by enemy fire, so that attempts to launch some boats caused men to be dropped into the sea. ''Alcantara'' rolled, capsized and sank at 1102 hrs. At least 15 of her boats and a large liferaft floated clear.

The light cruiser and M-class destroyer then arrived. ''Comus'' proceeded to rendezvous with ''Andes'' about away, while ''Munster'' started rescuing survivors. ''Greif'' was carrying a large amount of cork that at first kept her afloat. ''Andes'' and ''Comus'' reopened fire on ''Greif''. Eventually a large explosion, possibly of ammunition, sank the German ship.

The battle killed 230 men from ''Greif'' and 68 from ''Alcantara''. Two hundred ten German survivors were rescued.

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Alcantara (1913)
1913 ships
World War I Auxiliary cruisers of the Royal Navy
Ocean liners
Ships built in Belfast
Ships of the Royal Mail Steam Packet Company
Ships built by Harland and Wolff
Maritime incidents in 1916
World War I shipwrecks in the North Sea