The RML 13-pounder 8 cwt gun was a British Rifled, Muzzle Loading (RML) field

artillery Artillery consists of ranged weapons that launch Ammunition, munitions far beyond the range and power of infantry firearms. Early artillery development focused on the ability to breach defensive walls and fortifications during sieges, and l ...

gun manufactured in England in the 19th century, which fired a projectile weighing approximately . "8 cwt" refers to the weight of the gun.

Design and manufacture

The 13-pounder was the last Rifled Muzzle Loading field gun to be produced, with production starting in 1879. Unlike the 9 and 16 Pounder RML guns, the 13-pounder had a much greater muzzle length. They could be finished as muzzle loaders or breech loaders, however they were all ordered to be finished as muzzle loaders. Their construction consisted of an 'A' tube of toughened steel, over which was shrunk a 'B' tube of wrought iron. The gun was

rifled Rifling is the term for helical grooves machined into the internal surface of a firearms's barrel for imparting a spin to a projectile to improve its aerodynamic stability and accuracy. It is also the term (as a verb) for creating such groove ...

using a polygroove system, comprising 10 grooves on the Maitland system. The gun was fitted with a set of sights on the centre of the barrel. This enabled the gun to be sighted for indirect, or direct fire. A flat surface was machined on top of the barrel for a

clinometer An inclinometer or clinometer is an instrument used for measuring angles of slope, elevation, or depression of an object with respect to gravity's direction. It is also known as a ''tilt indicator'', ''tilt sensor'', ''tilt meter'', ''slope ...

to be used, enabling the gun to be levelled, or to provide an alternate method of indirect sighting.

Operation

The 13-pounder was normally deployed in batteries of six or four guns. Each gun was pulled by a team of six horses. It had a crew of nine men – five crew who could be mounted on seats on the limber and gun, three drivers and a gun commander (number one) mounted separately. In addition to each gun, a limbered ammunition trailer was also horse drawn. When deployed as Field Artillery it was designed to move at the same speed as infantry, or when deployed as Horse Artillery being used where greater speed was required. Guns were fired using a silk bag containing a black powder propellant. They used three types of ammunition – Common shell (for use against buildings or fortifications),

shrapnel shell Shrapnel shells were anti-personnel artillery munitions that carried many individual bullets close to a target area and then ejected them to allow them to continue along the shell's trajectory and strike targets individually. They relied almost ...

(for use against infantry or cavalry) and

case shot Canister shot is a kind of anti-personnel artillery ammunition. It has been used since the advent of gunpowder-firing artillery in Western armies, and saw particularly frequent use on land and at sea in the various wars of the 18th and 19th cent ...

(for close range use against 'soft' targets.) Ignition was through a copper-lined vent at the breech end of the gun. A copper friction tube would be inserted and a lanyard attached. When the lanyard was pulled the tube would ignite, firing the gun. A number of different fuzes could be used enabling shells to either burst at a pre-determined time (and range), or on impact. A typical rate of fire was one round per minute.

Service history

The 13-pounder saw action in the

Anglo-Egyptian War The British conquest of Egypt, also known as the Anglo-Egyptian War (), occurred in 1882 between Egyptian and Sudanese forces under Ahmed ‘Urabi and the United Kingdom. It ended a nationalist uprising against the Khedive Tewfik Pasha. It ...

of 1882, where four Batteries were deployed, two with the Royal Horse Artillery and two as Field Artillery. It remained in front-line service with the Royal Artillery until the late 1880s when replaced by the 15 pounder Breech-Loading gun. Some were re-issued to the

3rd Middlesex Artillery Volunteers The Metropolitan Artillery Volunteers (popularly known as 'Truro's Tigers') was a part-time unit of the British Volunteer Force formed in the London area in 1861. It was designated the 3rd Middlesex Artillery Volunteers and went on to become the 5 ...

as ''Batteries of Position'' from 1889 and some remained in use until around 1902, when they were succeeded by more modern breech loading guns. In 1896 three guns were held by the South Australian Volunteer Artillery.

Surviving examples

A surviving example with carriage is displayed at

Fort Rodd Hill Fort Rodd Hill National Historic Site is a 19th-century coastal artillery fort located on Esquimalt Harbour in Colwood, British Columbia, Canada. It was constructed in the 1890s by the Royal Marine Artillery to defend the Esquimalt Naval Base. I ...

, British Columbia. Another example in Canada, and the only one located in a building, is located at the

Bay Street Armoury Bay Street Armoury is located at 715 Bay Street in Victoria, British Columbia. The Bay Street Drill Hall was completed in 1915. It was created to provide training facilities for local militia units such as the Fifth Regiment of artillery, as w ...

, the museum of 5th (British Columbia) Field Artillery Regiment. Another two surviving examples are on the Armed Forces of Malta's Headquarters barracks parade ground. Formerly on display above the main entrance to the Royal Army Ordnance Corps' HQ in Floriana Malta, they were then taken on charge by the AFM Luqa officers' mess when the RAOC shut up shop in Malta as part of the forces drawdown. Placed on display in Luqa barracks, they slowly deteriorated and were removed in 1994. After more than a decade languishing in the officers' mess kitchen yard, the two were restored by Air Defence Battery personnel in 2005 with the assistance of the curator of "Firepower", the Royal Artillery museum, who provided plans and manuals. When the restoration was finished, the two guns were placed on the Luqa barracks parade ground where they remain to this day.

References

Bibliography

* Captain John F Owen R.A.
"Treatise on the Construction and Manufacture of Ordnance in the British Service"
Prepared in the Royal Gun Factory, London, 1877, pages 177–178, 292.
Text Book of Gunnery, 1902. LONDON : PRINTED FOR HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, BY HARRISON AND SONS, ST. MARTIN'S LANE

External links

Handbook for the 13-Pr Rifled M.L. Gun of 8 CWT (Land Service) 1884
at State Library of Victoria
Handbook for the 13 – pr. rifled m. l. gun of 8 cwt., 1888, 1892, 1898, 1900
at State Library of Victoria {{DEFAULTSORT:RML 13-pounder 8 cwt Artillery of the United Kingdom Field artillery Victorian-era weapons of the United Kingdom