The gens Peducaea, occasionally written Paeducaea or Peducea, was a
plebeian
In ancient Rome, the plebeians (also called plebs) were the general body of free Roman citizens who were not patricians, as determined by the census, or in other words "commoners". Both classes were hereditary.
Etymology
The precise origins o ...
family at
ancient Rome
In modern historiography, ancient Rome refers to Roman civilisation from the founding of the city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD. It encompasses the Roman Kingdom (753–50 ...
. Members of this
gens
In ancient Rome, a gens ( or , ; plural: ''gentes'' ) was a family consisting of individuals who shared the same nomen and who claimed descent from a common ancestor. A branch of a gens was called a ''stirps'' (plural: ''stirpes''). The ''gen ...
occur in history from the end of the second century BC, and from then to the time of
Antoninus Pius
Antoninus Pius ( Latin: ''Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Pius''; 19 September 86 – 7 March 161) was Roman emperor from 138 to 161. He was the fourth of the Five Good Emperors from the Nerva–Antonine dynasty.
Born into a senatori ...
, they steadily increased in prominence. The first of the Peducaii to obtain the
consulship
A consul held the highest elected political office of the Roman Republic ( to 27 BC), and ancient Romans considered the consulship the second-highest level of the '' cursus honorum'' (an ascending sequence of public offices to which polit ...
was
Titus Peducaeus in 35 BC.
[Broughton, vol. II, p. 406.]
Origin
The gentile-forming suffix occurs in a number of
Latin
Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power ...
names, many of which seem to be of
Oscan
Oscan is an extinct Indo-European language of southern Italy. The language is in the Osco-Umbrian or Sabellic branch of the Italic languages. Oscan is therefore a close relative of Umbrian.
Oscan was spoken by a number of tribes, including ...
or
Umbri
The Umbri were an Italic peoples, Italic people of ancient Italy. A region called Umbria still exists and is now occupied by Italian speakers. It is somewhat smaller than the Regio VI Umbria, ancient Umbria.
Most ancient Umbrian cities were settle ...
an origin, and cognate to the more regular endings ''-eius'' and ''-aius'', both of which were sometimes reduced to ''-ius'' in Latin. The ending seems to be derived from nominative forms ending in ''-aes'', which was typical of the Umbri, as well as the
Paeligni
The Paeligni or Peligni were an Italic tribe who lived in the Valle Peligna, in what is now Abruzzo, central Italy.
History
The Paeligni are first mentioned as a member of a confederacy that included the Marsi, Marrucini, and Vestini, with whi ...
, an Oscan-speaking people.
Praenomina
The main
praenomina
The ''praenomen'' (; plural: ''praenomina'') was a personal name chosen by the parents of a Roman child. It was first bestowed on the '' dies lustricus'' (day of lustration), the eighth day after the birth of a girl, or the ninth day after the bir ...
of the Peducaei were ''
Sextus'', ''
Titus
Titus Caesar Vespasianus ( ; 30 December 39 – 13 September 81 AD) was Roman emperor from 79 to 81. A member of the Flavian dynasty, Titus succeeded his father Vespasian upon his death.
Before becoming emperor, Titus gained renown as a mili ...
'', and ''
Lucius
Lucius ( el, Λούκιος ''Loukios''; ett, Luvcie) is a male given name derived from ''Lucius'' (abbreviated ''L.''), one of the small group of common Latin forenames (''praenomina'') found in the culture of ancient Rome. Lucius derives from L ...
'', all of which were common throughout Roman history. There are also several instances of the common praenomina ''
Gaius
Gaius, sometimes spelled ''Gajus'', Kaius, Cajus, Caius, was a common Latin praenomen; see Gaius (praenomen).
People
*Gaius (jurist) (), Roman jurist
*Gaius Acilius
*Gaius Antonius
*Gaius Antonius Hybrida
*Gaius Asinius Gallus
*Gaius Asinius Pol ...
'' and ''
Quintus
Quintus is a male given name derived from '' Quintus'', a common Latin forename (''praenomen'') found in the culture of ancient Rome. Quintus derives from Latin word ''quintus'', meaning "fifth".
Quintus is an English masculine given name a ...
''. Other names occur infrequently.
Members
* Sextus Peducaeus,
tribune of the plebs
Tribune of the plebs, tribune of the people or plebeian tribune ( la, tribunus plebis) was the first office of the Roman state that was open to the plebeians, and was, throughout the history of the Republic, the most important check on the power o ...
in 113 BC, reopened an investigation into a charge of ''
incestum
Sexual attitudes and behaviors in ancient Rome are indicated by art, literature, and inscriptions, and to a lesser extent by archaeological remains such as erotic artifacts and architecture. It has sometimes been assumed that "unlimited sexua ...
'' (unchastity) made against three of the
Vestal Virgins
In ancient Rome, the Vestal Virgins or Vestals ( la, Vestālēs, singular ) were priestesses of Vesta, virgin goddess of Rome's sacred hearth and its flame.
The Vestals were unlike any other public priesthood. They were chosen before puberty f ...
, who had been acquitted by the
College of Pontiffs
The College of Pontiffs ( la, Collegium Pontificum; see '' collegium'') was a body of the ancient Roman state whose members were the highest-ranking priests of the state religion. The college consisted of the '' pontifex maximus'' and the other ...
. He had
Lucius Cassius Longinus Ravilla Lucius Cassius Longinus Ravilla was a Roman politician. He served as consul in 127 BC and censor at the following lustrum in 125 BC.
His first recorded office was that of tribune of the plebs in 137 BC. As a tribune of the plebs, ...
appointed to head the inquiry, which led to the execution of two of the accused.
* Titus Peducaeus, named in the ''Fasti Urbisalvienses'' between the consuls and the
censors
Censorship is the suppression of speech, public communication, or other information. This may be done on the basis that such material is considered objectionable, harmful, sensitive, or "inconvenient". Censorship can be conducted by governments ...
of 102 BC, but his magistracy is not preserved.
* Sextus Peducaeus, probably
praetor
Praetor ( , ), also pretor, was the title granted by the government of Ancient Rome to a man acting in one of two official capacities: (i) the commander of an army, and (ii) as an elected ''magistratus'' (magistrate), assigned to discharge vario ...
in 77 BC, and
propraetor
In ancient Rome a promagistrate ( la, pro magistratu) was an ex-consul or ex-praetor whose ''imperium'' (the power to command an army) was extended at the end of his annual term of office or later. They were called proconsuls and propraetors. Thi ...
in
Sicilia
(man) it, Siciliana (woman)
, population_note =
, population_blank1_title =
, population_blank1 =
, demographics_type1 = Ethnicity
, demographics1_footnotes =
, demographi ...
from 76 to 75 BC.
Cicero
Marcus Tullius Cicero ( ; ; 3 January 106 BC – 7 December 43 BC) was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher, and academic skeptic, who tried to uphold optimate principles during the political crises that led to the est ...
served as his
quaestor
A ( , , ; "investigator") was a public official in Ancient Rome. There were various types of quaestors, with the title used to describe greatly different offices at different times.
In the Roman Republic, quaestors were elected officials who ...
, and speaks highly of his integrity, which he contrasts with the corruption and rapacity of his successor,
Verres
Gaius Verres (c. 120–43 BC) was a Roman magistrate, notorious for his misgovernment of Sicily. His extortion of local farmers and plundering of temples led to his prosecution by Cicero, whose accusations were so devastating that his defence adv ...
, who had cultivated Peducaeus' friendship.
* Sextus Peducaeus Sex. f., a close friend of both
Atticus and
Cicero
Marcus Tullius Cicero ( ; ; 3 January 106 BC – 7 December 43 BC) was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher, and academic skeptic, who tried to uphold optimate principles during the political crises that led to the est ...
. In 48 BC, during the
Civil War
A civil war or intrastate war is a war between organized groups within the same state (or country).
The aim of one side may be to take control of the country or a region, to achieve independence for a region, or to change government polic ...
,
Caesar
Gaius Julius Caesar (; ; 12 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC), was a Roman general and statesman. A member of the First Triumvirate, Caesar led the Roman armies in the Gallic Wars before defeating his political rival Pompey in a civil war, an ...
appointed Peducaeus governor of
Sardinia
Sardinia ( ; it, Sardegna, label= Italian, Corsican and Tabarchino ; sc, Sardigna , sdc, Sardhigna; french: Sardaigne; sdn, Saldigna; ca, Sardenya, label= Algherese and Catalan) is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, af ...
. He was propraetor in Spain in 40.
* Gaius Peducaeus Sex. f., afterward Gaius Curtius Peducaeanus, probably the younger son of the propraetor to whom Cicero was quaestor, was adopted by Gaius Curtius. He was
praetor
Praetor ( , ), also pretor, was the title granted by the government of Ancient Rome to a man acting in one of two official capacities: (i) the commander of an army, and (ii) as an elected ''magistratus'' (magistrate), assigned to discharge vario ...
in 50 BC.
* Lucius Peducaeus, assisted in the defense of
Marcus Aemilius Scaurus, which Cicero had undertaken, in 54 BC.
* Gaius Peducaeus, a
legate
Legate may refer to:
*Legatus, a higher ranking general officer of the Roman army drawn from among the senatorial class
:*Legatus Augusti pro praetore, a provincial governor in the Roman Imperial period
*A member of a legation
*A representative, ...
under the consul
Gaius Vibius Pansa
Gaius Vibius Pansa Caetronianus (died 22 April 43 BC) was consul of the Roman Republic in 43 BC. Although supporting Gaius Julius Caesar during the Civil War, he pushed for the restoration of the Republic upon Caesar’s death. He died of in ...
in 43 BC. He fell at the
Battle of Mutina
The Battle of Mutina took place on 21 April 43 BC between the forces loyal to the Roman Senate, Senate under Consuls Gaius Vibius Pansa and Aulus Hirtius, supported by the forces of Augustus, Caesar Octavian, and the forces of Mark Antony whic ...
.
*
Titus Peducaeus, consul ''suffectus ex Kal. Sept.'' in 35 BC.
* Lucius Peducaeus Fronto, a
procurator
Procurator (with procuracy or procuratorate referring to the office itself) may refer to:
* Procurator, one engaged in procuration, the action of taking care of, hence management, stewardship, agency
* ''Procurator'' (Ancient Rome), the title o ...
at
Ephesus
Ephesus (; grc-gre, Ἔφεσος, Éphesos; tr, Efes; may ultimately derive from hit, 𒀀𒉺𒊭, Apaša) was a city in ancient Greece on the coast of Ionia, southwest of present-day Selçuk in İzmir Province, Turkey. It was built i ...
in Asia during the reign of
Tiberius
Tiberius Julius Caesar Augustus (; 16 November 42 BC – 16 March AD 37) was the second Roman emperor. He reigned from AD 14 until 37, succeeding his stepfather, the first Roman emperor Augustus. Tiberius was born in Rome in 42 BC. His father ...
.
* Lucius Peducaeus Colo(nus?), ''
praefectus
''Praefectus'', often with a further qualification, was the formal title of many, fairly low to high-ranking, military or civil officials in the Roman Empire, whose authority was not embodied in their person (as it was with elected Magistrates) but ...
'' of
Roman Egypt in AD 70.
* Marcus Peducaeus Saenianus, consul ''suffectus ex Kal. Mai.'' in AD 89, served until the Kalends of September.
['' Fasti Potentini'', .][''PIR'', vol. III, p. 21.][Gallivan, "The ''Fasti'' for A.D. 70–96", p. 191.]
* Quintus Peducaeus Priscinus, consul in AD 93, from the beginning of the year to the Kalends of March.
[''Fasti Ostienses'', .]
*
Marcus Peducaeus Priscinus
Marcus Peducaeus Priscinus was a Roman senator of the second century. He was ordinary consul in the year 110 with Servius Cornelius Scipio Salvidienus Orfitus as his colleague. Priscinus is primarily known from inscriptions.
Priscinus came from ...
, consul in AD 110, and afterward
proconsul
A proconsul was an official of ancient Rome who acted on behalf of a consul. A proconsul was typically a former consul. The term is also used in recent history for officials with delegated authority.
In the Roman Republic, military command, or ' ...
of
Asia
Asia (, ) is one of the world's most notable geographical regions, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, which shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with Africa. Asia covers an ...
.
*
Marcus Peducaeus M. f. Stloga Priscinus, consul in AD 141, and subsequently proconsul of Asia.
* Peducaeus Marcianus, served in a company of archers, according to a
military diploma
A Roman military diploma was a document inscribed in bronze certifying that the holder was honourably discharged from the Roman armed forces and/or had received the grant of Roman citizenship from the emperor as reward for service.
The diploma ...
dating to AD 160.
* Peducaeus Diodorus, named in an inscription from
Ostia, dating from AD 165.
*
Marcus Peducaeus M. f. M. n. Plautius Quintillus, consul in AD 177 with his brother-in-law, the future emperor
Commodus. He was the adopted son of Stloga Priscinus, and exercised tremendous influence over
Septimius Severus
Lucius Septimius Severus (; 11 April 145 – 4 February 211) was Roman emperor from 193 to 211. He was born in Leptis Magna (present-day Al-Khums, Libya) in the Roman province of Africa. As a young man he advanced through the customary succ ...
, who at last ordered his death ''circa'' AD 203.
* Peducaea, mentioned in an inscription at Amiternum in
Sabinum
Sabina (Latin: ''Sabinum''), also called the Sabine Hills, is a region in central Italy. It is named after Sabina, the territory of the ancient Sabines, which was once bordered by Latium to the south, Picenum to the east, ancient Umbria to th ...
.
* Peducaea, the wife of Eutyches, buried at Rome.
[''NSA'', 1922, 421.]
* Peducaea, buried at
Tibur
Tivoli ( , ; la, Tibur) is a town and in Lazio, central Italy, north-east of Rome, at the falls of the Aniene river where it issues from the Sabine hills. The city offers a wide view over the Roman Campagna.
History
Gaius Julius Solinu ...
in
Latium
Latium ( , ; ) is the region of central western Italy in which the city of Rome was founded and grew to be the capital city of the Roman Empire.
Definition
Latium was originally a small triangle of fertile, volcanic soil ( Old Latium) on ...
.
* Peducaeus, brother of Ateula Malussa, named in an inscription from
Lugdunum
Lugdunum (also spelled Lugudunum, ; modern Lyon, France) was an important Roman city in Gaul, established on the current site of Lyon. The Roman city was founded in 43 BC by Lucius Munatius Plancus, but continued an existing Gallic settleme ...
.
* Peduceus, buried at
Albanum in Latium, aged twenty-one.
[''AlbLaz'', p 66, 22.]
* Gaius Peducaeus C. f., son of one of the
Augustales
The Sodales or Sacerdotes Augustales (''singular'' Sodalis or Sacerdos Augustalis), or simply Augustales,Tacitus, ''Annales'' 1.54 were an order ('' sodalitas'') of Roman priests originally instituted by Tiberius to attend to the maintenance of t ...
, buried at Rome.
* Lucius Peduceus, named in a funerary inscription from Albanum.
* Quintus Peducaeus P. f., an
augur
An augur was a priest and official in the ancient Rome, classical Roman world. His main role was the practice of augury, the interpretation of the will of the List of Roman deities, gods by studying the flight of birds. Determinations were ba ...
, named in an inscription from
Spoletium
Spoleto (, also , , ; la, Spoletum) is an ancient city in the Italian province of Perugia in east-central Umbria on a foothill of the Apennines. It is S. of Trevi, N. of Terni, SE of Perugia; SE of Florence; and N of Rome.
History
Spoleto ...
in Umbria.
* Quintus Peducaeus St. f., named in an inscription from
Nursia
Norcia (), traditionally known in English by its Latin name of Nursia (), is a town and comune in the province of Perugia (Italy) in southeastern Umbria. Unlike many ancient towns, it is located in a wide plain abutting the Monti Sibillini, a su ...
in
Samnium
Samnium ( it, Sannio) is a Latin exonym for a region of Southern Italy anciently inhabited by the Samnites. Their own endonyms were ''Safinim'' for the country (attested in one inscription and one coin legend) and ''Safineis'' for the The lan ...
.
[.]
* Titus Peducaeus, dedicated a monument at
Ravenna
Ravenna ( , , also ; rgn, Ravèna) is the capital city of the Province of Ravenna, in the Emilia-Romagna region of Northern Italy. It was the capital city of the Western Roman Empire from 408 until its collapse in 476. It then served as the ca ...
to Appaea Pia.
* Titus Peducaeus St. f., named in an inscription from Nursia.
* Titus Peducaeus T. l., named in an inscription from Rome.
* Sextus Peducaeus Sex. Cn. Petroni l. Anteros, freedman of Sextus and Gnaeus Petronius, buried at Rome.
* Lucius Peducaeus Apollinaris, buried at
Sulci
Sulci or Sulki (in Greek , Steph. B., Ptol.; , Strabo; , Paus.), was one of the most considerable cities of ancient Sardinia, situated in the southwest corner of the island, on a small island, now called Isola di Sant'Antioco, which is, howe ...
in Sardinia.
* Publius Peducaeus Boletanus, buried at
Aquileia
Aquileia / / / / ;Bilingual name of ''Aquileja – Oglej'' in: vec, Aquiłeja / ; Slovenian: ''Oglej''), group=pron is an ancient Roman city in Italy, at the head of the Adriatic at the edge of the lagoons, about from the sea, on the river ...
in the province of
Venetia and Histria
Venetia et Histria (Latin: ''Regio X Venetia et Histria'') was an administrative subdivision in the northeast of Roman Italy. It was originally created by Augustus as the tenth ''regio'' in 7 AD alongside the nine other ''regiones''. The region h ...
, aged thirty.
* Lucius Peducaeus Charito, husband of Aurunceia Felicula, to whom he dedicated a monument at
Interamna Nahars
Terni ( , ; lat, Interamna (Nahars)) is a city in the southern portion of the region of Umbria in central Italy. It is near the border with Lazio. The city is the capital of the province of Terni, located in the plain of the Nera river. It is ...
in Umbria.
* Peducaea T. l. Daphne, a freedwoman buried at Rome, was the wife of Titus Peducaeus Faustus.
[.]
* Sextus Peducaeus Dio, named in an inscription from Rome.
* Sextus Peducaeus Dionysius, a bookseller buried at Rome.
* Sextus Peducaeus Dionysius, husband of Baebia Delphis, to whom he dedicated a monument at Tibur.
* Peducaea T. Ↄ. l. Epangellusa, freed as a young girl, and buried at Rome, aged ten.
* Peducaea Ephire, named in an inscription from
Venusia
Venosa ( Lucano: ) is a town and ''comune'' in the province of Potenza, in the southern Italian region of Basilicata, in the Vulture area. It is bounded by the comuni of Barile, Ginestra, Lavello, Maschito, Montemilone, Palazzo San Gerva ...
, dating from the middle of the first century to the middle of the second.
[.]
* Sextus Peducaeus Sex. l. Eutyches, a freedman buried at
Mutina
Modena (, , ; egl, label= Modenese, Mòdna ; ett, Mutna; la, Mutina) is a city and '' comune'' ( municipality) on the south side of the Po Valley, in the Province of Modena in the Emilia-Romagna region of northern Italy.
A town, and sea ...
in northern Italy.
* Peducaea Fausta, named in an inscription from Rome, dating to the first century.
* Titus Peducaeus T. l. Faustus, a freedman buried at Rome, was the husband of Peducaea Daphne.
* Lucius Peducaeus Felix, dedicated a monument at Rome to his sister, Peducaea Tyche.
[.]
* Peducaea Festa, according to an inscription from Rome, gave a pot to the singing teacher Gaius Julius Coscus.
* Titus Peducaeus T. f. Florus, buried at Rome, aged twenty-one.
* Peducaea Fortunata, dedicated a monument at Rome to her son, Gaius Julius Felix, aged six years, ten months, and seven days.
* Peducaea Galatia, wife of Titus Paeducaeus Oriens, buried at Ostia.
[''ZPE'', 81, 237.]
* Peducaea Graptusa, buried at Rome, aged two years, nine months, and fifteen days.
* Sextus Peducaeus Hecticus, named in an inscription from Venusia.
* Peducaea Hellas, buried at Rome.
* Sextus Peducaeus Sex. f. Herophilus, donated to the cult of
Isis
Isis (; ''Ēse''; ; Meroitic language, Meroitic: ''Wos'' 'a''or ''Wusa''; Phoenician language, Phoenician: 𐤀𐤎, romanized: ʾs) was a major ancient Egyptian deities, goddess in ancient Egyptian religion whose worship spread throughou ...
and
Serapis
Serapis or Sarapis is a Graeco-Egyptian deity. The cult of Serapis was promoted during the third century BC on the orders of Greek Pharaoh Ptolemy I Soter of the Ptolemaic Kingdom in Egypt as a means to unify the Greeks and Egyptians in his r ...
at
Anticaria in
Hispania Baetica
Hispania Baetica, often abbreviated Baetica, was one of three Roman provinces in Hispania (the Iberian Peninsula). Baetica was bordered to the west by Lusitania, and to the northeast by Hispania Tarraconensis. Baetica remained one of the basic d ...
.
* Peducaea Sex. l. Hilara, a freedwoman, built a tomb at Mutina for herself and Sextus Peducaeus Hilarus.
[.]
* Sextus Peducaeus Sex. l. Hilarus, buried at Mutina in a tomb built by Peducaea Hilara.
* Paeducaeus Ingenuus, buried at Rome.
* Peducaea Irene, buried at Rome.
* Sextus Peducaeus Jucundus, one of the Augustales, named in an inscription from Venusia.
* Lucia Peducaea Juliana, wife of Lucius Nonius Verus, buried at Mutina, aged thirteen years, forty-seven days, having been married five months and twenty days.
* Peducaea Lesche, buried at Rome, aged, twenty-two.
* Gaius Peducaeus Marcellus, buried at the present site of
Decimoputzu
Decimoputzu ( sc, Deximuputzu or ) is a ''comune'' (municipality) of about 4,000 inhabitants in the Province of South Sardinia in the Italian region Sardinia, located about northwest of Cagliari.
Decimoputzu borders the following municipalities ...
in Sardinia, aged three years, five months, six days.
* Peducaea Musa, buried at Albanum.
* Lucius Paeducaeus Natalis,
patron
Patronage is the support, encouragement, privilege, or financial aid that an organization or individual bestows on another. In the history of art, arts patronage refers to the support that kings, popes, and the wealthy have provided to artists su ...
of Paeducaea Zmyrina, buried at Rome, aged eighty years, nine months, and twenty days.
[.]
* Titus Peducaeus Oriens, the husband of Peducaea Galatia, to whom he dedicated a monument at Ostia.
* Peducaea Saturnina, dedicated a monument at Rome to her husband, Lucius Aemilius Cleobulus, buried at Rome, aged forty-four.
* Lucius Peducaeus Saturninus, husband of Peducaea Severina, named in an inscription from the
Alban Hills.
[.]
* Peducaea Severa, named in an inscription from Rome.
* Peducaea Severina, wife of Lucius Peducaeus Saturninus, named in an inscription from the Alban Hills.
* Titus Peducaeus T. f. Severus, buried at Rome, aged eight.
* Peducaea Q. f. Sextia, daughter of Quintus Peducaeus Spes, wife of the
flamen
A (plural ''flamens'' or ''flamines'') was a priest of the ancient Roman religion who was assigned to one of eighteen deities with official cults during the Roman Republic. The most important of these were the three (or "major priests"), who se ...
of
Carthage
Carthage was the capital city of Ancient Carthage, on the eastern side of the Lake of Tunis in what is now Tunisia. Carthage was one of the most important trading hubs of the Ancient Mediterranean and one of the most affluent cities of the clas ...
, dedicated a monument at the present site of Choud el Batel, formerly part of Africa Proconsularis, to her son, Longeius.
[.]
* Quintus Peducaeus Spes, father of Peducaea, the flamen's wife.
* Peducaea Q. f. Tertia, named in an inscription from
Arretium
Arezzo ( , , ) , also ; ett, 𐌀𐌓𐌉𐌕𐌉𐌌, Aritim. is a city and ''comune'' in Italy and the capital of the province of the same name located in Tuscany. Arezzo is about southeast of Florence at an elevation of above sea level. ...
in Etruria.
[.]
* Peducaea Tyche, sister of Lucius Peducaeus Felix, buried at Rome, aged twenty-six years, sixteen days.
* Paeducaea Zmyrina, client of Lucius Paeducaeus Natalis, to whom she dedicated a monument at Rome.
Footnotes
See also
*
List of Roman gentes
The gens (plural gentes) was a Roman family, of Italic or Etruscan origins, consisting of all those individuals who shared the same '' nomen'' and claimed descent from a common ancestor. It was an important social and legal structure in earl ...
References
{{reflist, 30em
Bibliography
*
Marcus Tullius Cicero
Marcus Tullius Cicero ( ; ; 3 January 106 BC – 7 December 43 BC) was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher, and academic skeptic, who tried to uphold optimate principles during the political crises that led to the est ...
, ''
De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum'', ''
De Natura Deorum
''De Natura Deorum'' (''On the Nature of the Gods'') is a philosophical dialogue by Roman Academic Skeptic philosopher Cicero written in 45 BC. It is laid out in three books that discuss the theological views of the Hellenistic philosophies o ...
'', ''
Epistulae ad Atticum
''Epistulae ad Atticum'' (Latin for "Letters to Atticus") is a collection of letters from Roman politician and orator Marcus Tullius Cicero to his close friend Titus Pomponius Atticus. The letters in this collection, together with Cicero's ot ...
'', ''
Epistulae ad Familiares
''Epistulae ad Familiares'' (''Letters to Friends'') is a collection of letters between Roman politician and orator Marcus Tullius Cicero and various public and private figures. The letters in this collection, together with Cicero's other lette ...
'', ''
In Verrem
"In Verrem" ("Against Verres") is a series of speeches made by Cicero in 70 BC, during the corruption and extortion trial of Gaius Verres, the former governor of Sicily. The speeches, which were concurrent with Cicero's election to the aedileship ...
'', ''Post Reditum in Senatu'', ''Pro Flacco''.
*
Quintus Asconius Pedianus
Quintus Asconius Pedianus (BC 9 - AD 76) was a Roman historian. There is no evidence that Asconius engaged in a public career, but he was familiar both with Roman government of his time and with the geography of the city. He may, therefore, have w ...
, ''Commentarius in Oratio Ciceronis
Pro Milone
The "Pro Tito Annio Milone ad iudicem oratio" (Pro Milone) is a speech made by Marcus Tullius Cicero in 52 BC on behalf of his friend Titus Annius Milo. Milo was accused of murdering his political enemy Publius Clodius Pulcher on the Via Appia. Cic ...
'' (Commentary on Cicero's Oration ''Pro Milone''), ''Commentarius in Oratio Ciceronis Pro Scauro'' (Commentary on Cicero's Oration ''Pro Scauro'').
* Appianus Alexandrinus (
Appian
Appian of Alexandria (; grc-gre, Ἀππιανὸς Ἀλεξανδρεύς ''Appianòs Alexandreús''; la, Appianus Alexandrinus; ) was a Ancient Greeks, Greek historian with Ancient Rome, Roman citizenship who flourished during the reigns of ...
), ''Bellum Civile'' (The Civil War).
* Lucius Cassius Dio Cocceianus (
Cassius Dio
Lucius Cassius Dio (), also known as Dio Cassius ( ), was a Roman historian and senator of maternal Greek origin. He published 80 volumes of the history on ancient Rome, beginning with the arrival of Aeneas in Italy. The volumes documented the ...
), ''Roman History''.
* Aelius Lampridius, Aelius Spartianus, Flavius Vopiscus, Julius Capitolinus, Trebellius Pollio, and Vulcatius Gallicanus, ''
Historia Augusta
The ''Historia Augusta'' (English: ''Augustan History'') is a late Roman collection of biographies, written in Latin, of the Roman emperors, their junior colleagues, designated heirs and usurpers from 117 to 284. Supposedly modeled on the si ...
'' (Augustan History).
* ''
Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology
The ''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'' (1849, originally published 1844 under a slightly different title) is an encyclopedia/biographical dictionary. Edited by William Smith, the dictionary spans three volumes and 3,700 p ...
'',
William Smith, ed., Little, Brown and Company, Boston (1849).
*
Theodor Mommsen
Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen (; 30 November 1817 – 1 November 1903) was a German classics, classical scholar, historian, jurist, journalist, politician and archaeologist. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest classicists of the 19 ...
''et alii'', ''
Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum
The ''Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum'' (''CIL'') is a comprehensive collection of ancient Latin inscriptions. It forms an authoritative source for documenting the surviving epigraphy of classical antiquity. Public and personal inscriptions thr ...
'' (The Body of Latin Inscriptions, abbreviated ''CIL''), Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften (1853–present).
* ''Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità'' (News of Excavations from Antiquity, abbreviated ''NSA''), Accademia dei Lincei (1876–present).
* René Cagnat ''et alii'', ''
L'Année épigraphique
''L'Année épigraphique'' (''The Epigraphic Year'', standard abbreviation ''AE'') is a French publication on epigraphy (i.e the study of inscriptions or epigraphs as writing). It was set up by René Cagnat, as holder of the chair of 'Epigraphy an ...
'' (The Year in Epigraphy, abbreviated ''AE''), Presses Universitaires de France (1888–present).
*
Paul von Rohden
Paul von Rohden (12 December 1862, Barmen – 28 February 1939, Pieterlen) was a German-Swiss schoolteacher and historian known for his research in the field of prosopography. He was the son of theologian Ludwig von Rohden (1815–1889) and the br ...
,
Elimar Klebs
Elimar Klebs (15 October 1852 – 16 May 1918) was a German historian of ancient history. He was the brother of botanist Georg Klebs.
Biography
Klebs was born in Braunsberg (Braniewo), Prussia. He studied in Berlin under Theodor Mommsen ...
, &
Hermann Dessau
Hermann Dessau (6 April 1856, Frankfurt am Main – 12 April 1931, Berlin) was a German ancient historian and epigrapher. He is noted for a key work of textual criticism published in 1889 on the '' Historia Augusta'', which uncovered reasons ...
, ''
Prosopographia Imperii Romani
The ', abbreviated ''PIR'', is a collective historical work to establish the prosopography of high-profile people from the Roman empire. The time period covered extends from the Battle of Actium in 31 BC to the reign of Diocletian. The final vol ...
'' (The Prosopography of the Roman Empire, abbreviated ''PIR''), Berlin (1898).
* George D. Hadzsits, ''Classical Studies in Honor of John C. Rolfe'', University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia (1931).
* Alberto Galieti, ''Contributi alla storia della diocesi suburbicaria di Albano Laziale'' (Contributions to the History of the Suburbicarian Diocese of Albano Laziale, abbreviated ''AlbLaz''), Vatican City (1948).
*
T. Robert S. Broughton, ''The Magistrates of the Roman Republic'', American Philological Association (1952).
* Paul A. Gallivan, "The ''Fasti'' for A.D. 70–96", in ''Classical Quarterly'', vol. 31, pp. 186–220 (1981).
* ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'' (Journal of Papyrology and Epigraphy, abbreviated ''ZPE''), (1987).
Roman gentes