The gens Ostoria, occasionally written Hostoria, was a

plebeian In ancient Rome, the plebeians or plebs were the general body of free Roman citizens who were not patricians, as determined by the census, or in other words "commoners". Both classes were hereditary. Etymology The precise origins of the gro ...

family at

Rome Rome (Italian language, Italian and , ) is the capital city and most populated (municipality) of Italy. It is also the administrative centre of the Lazio Regions of Italy, region and of the Metropolitan City of Rome. A special named with 2, ...

. Members of this

gens In ancient Rome, a gens ( or , ; : gentes ) was a family consisting of individuals who shared the same ''nomen gentilicium'' and who claimed descent from a common ancestor. A branch of a gens, sometimes identified by a distinct cognomen, was cal ...

are first mentioned in the early years of the

Empire An empire is a political unit made up of several territories, military outpost (military), outposts, and peoples, "usually created by conquest, and divided between a hegemony, dominant center and subordinate peripheries". The center of the ...

. Although only a few of them achieved any prominence in the Roman state, many others are known from inscriptions. The most illustrious of the Ostorii was probably Publius Ostorius Scapula, who was

consul Consul (abbrev. ''cos.''; Latin plural ''consules'') was the title of one of the two chief magistrates of the Roman Republic, and subsequently also an important title under the Roman Empire. The title was used in other European city-states thro ...

during the reign of

Claudius Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus ( ; ; 1 August 10 BC – 13 October AD 54), or Claudius, was a Roman emperor, ruling from AD 41 to 54. A member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, Claudius was born to Nero Claudius Drusus, Drusus and Ant ...

, and afterward governor of

Britain Britain most often refers to: * Great Britain, a large island comprising the countries of England, Scotland and Wales * The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, a sovereign state in Europe comprising Great Britain and the north-eas ...

.''PIR'', vol. II, p. 440.

Praenomina

The main

praenomina The praenomen (; plural: praenomina) was a first name chosen by the parents of a Ancient Rome, Roman child. It was first bestowed on the ''dies lustricus'' (day of lustration), the eighth day after the birth of a girl, or the ninth day after the ...

of the Ostorii were ''

Quintus Quintus is a male given name derived from ''Quintus (praenomen), Quintus'', a common Latin language, Latin forename (''praenomen'') found in the culture of ancient Rome. Quintus derives from Latin word ''quintus'', meaning "fifth". Quintus is ...

, Publius, Marcus,

Gaius Gaius, sometimes spelled Caius, was a common Latin praenomen; see Gaius (praenomen). People * Gaius (biblical figure) (1st century AD) *Gaius (jurist) (), Roman jurist * Gaius Acilius * Gaius Antonius * Gaius Antonius Hybrida * Gaius Asinius Gal ...

'', and ''

Lucius Lucius is a masculine given name derived from Lucius (Latin ; ), abbreviated L., one of the small group of common Latin forenames () found in the culture of ancient Rome. Lucius probably derives from Latin word ( gen. ), meaning "light" (<

'', which were the five most common names throughout Roman history. Only the first three are known from the family of the Ostorii Scapulae.

Branches and cognomina

The

cognomina A ''cognomen'' (; : ''cognomina''; from ''co-'' "together with" and ''(g)nomen'' "name") was the third name of a citizen of ancient Rome, under Roman naming conventions. Initially, it was a nickname, but lost that purpose when it became hereditar ...

of the Ostorii occurring in ancient historians were ''Sabinus'' and ''Scapula''. ''Sabinus'' refers to a

Sabine The Sabines (, , , ; ) were an Italic people who lived in the central Apennine Mountains (see Sabina) of the ancient Italian Peninsula, also inhabiting Latium north of the Anio before the founding of Rome. The Sabines divided int ...

, and typically indicates that the bearer was of Sabine ancestry. ''Scapula'', literally "shoulder-blade", was probably given to someone with prominent shoulders. The Scapulae were the only important family of the Ostorii, holding four consulships over the course of the first century.

Members

Ostorii Scapulae

* Quintus Ostorius Scapula, appointed by

Augustus Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus (born Gaius Octavius; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), also known as Octavian (), was the founder of the Roman Empire, who reigned as the first Roman emperor from 27 BC until his death in A ...

one of the first two

prefect Prefect (from the Latin ''praefectus'', substantive adjectival form of ''praeficere'': "put in front", meaning in charge) is a magisterial title of varying definition, but essentially refers to the leader of an administrative area. A prefect' ...

s of the

Praetorian Guard The Praetorian Guard (Latin language, Latin: ''cohortes praetoriae'') was the imperial guard of the Imperial Roman army that served various roles for the Roman emperor including being a bodyguard unit, counterintelligence, crowd control and ga ...

, in AD 2.Birley, p. 28. * Publius Ostorius Scapula, governor of

Egypt Egypt ( , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country spanning the Northeast Africa, northeast corner of Africa and Western Asia, southwest corner of Asia via the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to northe ...

during the latter part of the reign of Augustus, attested from AD 3 to 10 or 11. He was probably the brother of the praetorian prefect, and father of Publius and Quintus, consuls during the reign of

. * Quintus Ostorius (P. f.) Scapula, consul ''suffectus'' in AD 41. He was probably the son of the governor of Egypt, but perhaps of the praetorian prefect. * Publius Ostorius (P. f.) Scapula, consul ''suffectus'' ''circa'' AD 45, became governor of Britain the following year. He fought successfully against a number of British tribes, defeating the

Silures The Silures ( , ) were a powerful and warlike tribe or tribal confederation of ancient Britain, occupying what is now south east Wales and perhaps some adjoining areas. They were bordered to the north by the Ordovices; to the east by the Do ...

, and being granted the insignia of a

Roman triumph The Roman triumph (') was a civil ceremony and religious rite of ancient Rome, held to publicly celebrate and sanctify the success of a military commander who had led Roman forces to victory in the service of the state or, in some historical t ...

. He died before leaving office. * Marcus Ostorius P. f. Scapula, served in his father's army in Britain, and was commended for his bravery. He was consul ''suffectus ex kal. Juliis'' in AD 59. In the reign of

Nero Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus ( ; born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus; 15 December AD 37 – 9 June AD 68) was a Roman emperor and the final emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, reigning from AD 54 until his ...

, he refused to support the accusation of maligning the emperor raised against Antistius Sosianus, but in AD 66, Sosianus accused him of conspiring against Nero. He took his own life before he could be murdered on the emperor's orders. * Marcus Ostorius Scapula, consul in AD 99, and

proconsul A proconsul was an official of ancient Rome who acted on behalf of a Roman consul, consul. A proconsul was typically a former consul. The term is also used in recent history for officials with delegated authority. In the Roman Republic, military ...

Asia Asia ( , ) is the largest continent in the world by both land area and population. It covers an area of more than 44 million square kilometres, about 30% of Earth's total land area and 8% of Earth's total surface area. The continent, which ...

from 114 to 115.

Others

* Ostoria, daughter of Ostorius Euhodus and Caprilia Cassia, buried at Rome, aged fifteen years and fifteen days.. * Ostoria, mother of Ostoria and Gaius Ostorius Capitonius, buried at

Capena Capena (until 1933 called Leprignano) is a town and ''comune'' in the Metropolitan City of Rome, Lazio region (central Italy). The town has borrowed its modern name from a pre-Roman and Roman settlement that was to its north. Geography Capena i ...

Etruria Etruria ( ) was a region of Central Italy delimited by the rivers Arno and Tiber, an area that covered what is now most of Tuscany, northern Lazio, and north-western Umbria. It was inhabited by the Etruscans, an ancient civilization that f ...

.. * Ostoria, daughter of Ostoria and sister of Gaius Ostorius Capitonius. * Ostoria, buried at Rome. * Ostoria S. f. Quarta, the mother of Calpurnia Ostoria Pia, buried at Anagnia during the late first or early second century.. * Ostorius, a man of consular rank, was probably legate of

Cilicia Cilicia () is a geographical region in southern Anatolia, extending inland from the northeastern coasts of the Mediterranean Sea. Cilicia has a population ranging over six million, concentrated mostly at the Cilician plain (). The region inclu ...

during the reign of

Severus Alexander Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander (1 October 208 – March 235), also known as Alexander Severus, was Roman emperor from 222 until 235. He was the last emperor from the Severan dynasty. Alexander took power in 222, when he succeeded his slain c ...

. * Hostorius, a freedman buried in the sepulchre of Lucius Ostorius Felix.. * Marcus Ostorius, named in an inscription from

Pompeii Pompeii ( ; ) was a city in what is now the municipality of Pompei, near Naples, in the Campania region of Italy. Along with Herculaneum, Stabiae, and Villa Boscoreale, many surrounding villas, the city was buried under of volcanic ash and p ...

. * Marcus Ostorius, mentioned in a funerary inscription from

Capua Capua ( ; ) is a city and ''comune'' in the province of Caserta, in the region of Campania, southern Italy, located on the northeastern edge of the Campanian plain. History Ancient era The name of Capua comes from the Etruscan ''Capeva''. The ...

. * Publius Hostorius, dedicated a monument at Rome to his children, Publius Hostorius and Hostoria Helena.. * Publius Hostorius P. f., brother of Hostoria Helena, buried at Rome. * Publius Ostorius, a boxer named in a list of gladiators found at Pompeii. * Quintus Ostirius, named in an inscription from Rome. * Spurius Ostorius, the father of Ostoria Quarta. * Ostorius Amandus, buried at Ostia. * Ostoria P. l. Amma, freedwoman of Publius Ostorius Scapula, buried at Rome.. * Gaius Ostorius C. l. Anthimus, freedman of Gaius Ostorius Italus, buried at

Puteoli Pozzuoli (; ; ) is a city and (municipality) of the Metropolitan City of Naples, in the Italian region of Campania. It is the main city of the Phlegrean Peninsula. History Antiquity Pozzuoli began as the Greek colony of ''Dicaearchia ...

Campania Campania is an administrative Regions of Italy, region of Italy located in Southern Italy; most of it is in the south-western portion of the Italian Peninsula (with the Tyrrhenian Sea to its west), but it also includes the small Phlegraean Islan ...

.. * Ostorius Aprilis, dedicated a monument at the present site of Settecamini in Rome, to his son, Gnaeus Fresidius Marsus, who had been quaestor. The tomb dates to the second century. * Gaius Ostorius Athenio, a ''chorales'' buried at

Carthage Carthage was an ancient city in Northern Africa, on the eastern side of the Lake of Tunis in what is now Tunisia. Carthage was one of the most important trading hubs of the Ancient Mediterranean and one of the most affluent cities of the classic ...

. * Ostoria Autodice, named in an inscription from Rome. * Ostoria Auxinis, a freedwoman, and the wife of Publius Octavius Chryseros, buried at Rome. * Gaius Ostorius Capitonius, son of Ostoria, and brother of Ostoria. * Ostoria Chelido, wife of the senator Ostorius Euhodianus, buried at Rome. Her monument dates to the late third or early fourth century.. * Ostorius Crysis, a freedwoman, buried in the sepulchre of Lucius Ostorius Felix. * Ostoria Dia, a freedwoman, and the wife of Gaius Julius Faustus, named in an inscription from Puteoli. * Lucius Ostorius Dionysius, named in an inscription from

Narona Narona () was an Ancient Greek trading post on the Illyrian coast and later Roman city and bishopric, located in the Neretva valley in present-day Vid, Croatia, which remains a Latin Catholic titular see. History It was founded as a Greek em ...

Dalmatia Dalmatia (; ; ) is a historical region located in modern-day Croatia and Montenegro, on the eastern shore of the Adriatic Sea. Through time it formed part of several historical states, most notably the Roman Empire, the Kingdom of Croatia (925 ...

. * Publius Ostorius P. f. Dorus, son of Publius Ostorius Telesphorus, buried at Rome, aged five. * Ostoria Dynamis, the mother of Publius Ostorius Ingenuus, buried at Rome.''NSA'', 1920 39. * Quintus Ostorius Epagathus, named in an inscription from Rome. * Quintus Hostorius Evangelus, husband of Marcia, buried at Rome. * Ostorius Eugraphianus, a youth buried at Novaria in

Cisalpine Gaul Cisalpine Gaul (, also called ''Gallia Citerior'' or ''Gallia Togata'') was the name given, especially during the 4th and 3rd centuries BC, to a region of land inhabited by Celts (Gauls), corresponding to what is now most of northern Italy. Afte ...

. * Ostorius Euhodianus, a

senator A senate is a deliberative assembly, often the upper house or Legislative chamber, chamber of a bicameral legislature. The name comes from the Ancient Rome, ancient Roman Senate (Latin: ''Senatus''), so-called as an assembly of the senior ...

, and consul designate during the late third or early fourth century, dedicated a monument at Rome to his wife, Ostoria Chelido. * Ostorius Euhodus, husband of Caprilia Cassia, who dedicated a monument at Rome to their daughter, Ostoria. * Ostorius Euhodus, buried at Portus. * Ostoria Eutychia, wife of Gaius Julius Similis, buried at Rome. * Ostoria Felicitas Erindinis, a child buried at

Corfinium Corfinium (Greek: ) was an ancient city now near modern Corfinio, in the province of L'Aquila (Abruzzo region). During the Social War (91-87 BC), Corfinium served as the headquarters of the Italic socii who fought for the extension of Rom ...

Samnium Samnium () is a Latin exonym for a region of Southern Italy anciently inhabited by the Samnites. Their own endonyms were ''Safinim'' for the country (attested in one inscription and one coin legend) and ''Safineis'' for the The language of t ...

, aged one year, ten months. Her caretakers, Aulus Vercius Auxilaris and Adauta, dedicated a monument to her. * Ostorius Felix, husband of Claudia Procula, buried at Rome. * Lucius Ostorius Felix, husband of Seppia Pyrallis, and patron of Lucius Ostorius Fortunatus, buried at Rome. * Ostoria Fortunata, buried at

Portus Portus was a large artificial harbour of Ancient Rome located at the mouth of the Tiber on the Tyrrhenian Sea. It was established by Claudius and enlarged by Trajan to supplement the nearby port of Ostia. The archaeological remains of Portus a ...

in Latium. * Ostorius Fortunatianus, one of the ''magistri quinquennales'' of the ''collegium fabrum'' at Rome, during the reign of

Maxentius Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maxentius ( 283 – 28 October 312) was a Roman emperor from 306 until his death in 312. Despite ruling in Italy and North Africa, and having the recognition of the Senate in Rome, he was not recognized as a legitimate ...

. * Lucius Ostorius Fortunatus, dedicated a monument to his patron, Lucius Ostorius Felix, and his family. * Gaius Ostorius Galata, one of the soldiers stationed at Rome in AD 70. His commander was the centurion Gnaeus Pompeius Pelas. * Hostoria P. f. Helena, sister of Publius Hostorius, buried at Rome. * Gaius Hostorius Helenus, buried at Rome, with a monument dedicated by Gaius Hostorius Ingenuus.. * Gaius Hostorius Ingenuus, dedicated a monument at Rome to Gaius Hostorius Helenus. * Publius Ostorius Ingenuus, dedicated a monument at Rome to his mother, Ostoria Dynamis. * Gaius Ostorius Italus, dedicated a monument at Puteoli to his freedman, Gaius Ostorius Anthimus. * Gaius Ostorius Italus, made a gift to the shrine of

Diana Diana most commonly refers to: * Diana (name), given name (including a list of people with the name) * Diana (mythology), ancient Roman goddess of the hunt and wild animals; later associated with the Moon * Diana, Princess of Wales (1961–1997), ...

Tibur Tivoli ( ; ; ) is a town and in Lazio, Central Italy, north-east of Rome, at the falls of the Aniene river where it issues from the Sabine Hills. The city offers a wide view over the Roman Campagna. History Gaius Julius Solinus cites Cato ...

. * Ostorius Januarius, a freedman buried in the sepulchre of Lucius Ostorius Felix. * Quintus Ostorius Q. f. Licinianus, a child buried at Rome, aged nine years, three months. * Marcus Ostorius Marcianus, dedicated a monument at Salinae in the province of

Alpes Maritimae The Alpes Maritimae (; English: 'Maritime Alps') was a small province of the Roman Empire founded in 63 AD by Nero. It was one of the three provinces straddling the Alps between modern France and Italy, along with the Alpes Graiae et Poeninae an ...

to his son, Valerius Frontinianus. * Ostoria Minatia, dedicated a monument at Carthage to her husband, Servius Icundus Cretasius, one of the municipal officials at Corfinium. * Ostoria Nike, dedicated a monument at Rome to her patron, Gaius Ostorius Successus.. * Lucius Ostorius Nice .. listed among the men of Ostia who donated the sum of ten thousand sestertii to the emperor

Septimius Severus Lucius Septimius Severus (; ; 11 April 145 – 4 February 211) was Roman emperor from 193 to 211. He was born in Leptis Magna (present-day Al-Khums, Libya) in the Roman province of Africa. As a young man he advanced through cursus honorum, the ...

in AD 193. * Quintus Ostorius Q. f. Ostorianus, a youth buried at Portus. * Ostoria Paezusa, concubine of Gaius Volusius Inventus, to whom she and her sons, Gaius Volusius Sabinianus and Gaius Volusius Fructus, dedicated a monument at Rome. * Gaius Ostorius Peregrinus, son of Julia Edone, buried at Rome, aged thirty-five. * Publius Ostorius P. l. Pharnaces, freedman of Publius Ostorius Scapula, buried at Rome. * Ostoria Pia, mother of Gaius Ostorius Pius, buried at Rome.. * Gaius Ostorius Pius, son of Ostoria Pia, and husband of Hisonia Nike, dedicated a monument at Rome to his mother and his wife. * Quintus Ostorius Primitivus, buried at Rome. * Ostoria Procula, dedicated a monument to her husband, Publius Aelius Felix, a freedman of the emperor

Hadrian Hadrian ( ; ; 24 January 76 – 10 July 138) was Roman emperor from 117 to 138. Hadrian was born in Italica, close to modern Seville in Spain, an Italic peoples, Italic settlement in Hispania Baetica; his branch of the Aelia gens, Aelia '' ...

. * Ostorius Sabinus, an eques who was richly rewarded by Nero for betraying

Barea Soranus Quintus Marcius Barea Soranus was a Roman senator who lived in the reign of Nero. He was suffect consul in 52, but later attracted the hatred of Nero, and upon being condemned to death committed suicide. He was associated with a group of Stoics ...

and his daughter in AD 66, receiving twelve hundred thousand

sestertii The ''sestertius'' (: ''sestertii'') or sesterce (: sesterces) was an ancient Roman coin. During the Roman Republic it was a small, silver coin issued only on rare occasions. During the Roman Empire it was a large brass coin. The name ''sester ...

and the insignia of a Roman

quaestor A quaestor ( , ; ; "investigator") was a public official in ancient Rome. There were various types of quaestors, with the title used to describe greatly different offices at different times. In the Roman Republic, quaestors were elected officia ...

. * Ostoria C. f. Satria Eubulis, foster daughter of Titus Flavius Vitalis, married Decimus Fonteius Messallinus, and was the mother of Fonteia. She was buried at Rome, aged twenty-eight years, eight months, and nine days. Her monument dates from the first century. * Lucius Ostorius Secundus, buried at

Torcello Torcello (; ) is a sparsely populated island at the northern end of the Venetian Lagoon, in north-eastern Italy. It was first settled in 452 AD and has been referred to as the parent island from which Venice was populated. It was a town with ...

in the province of

Venetia and Histria Venetia et Histria (Latin: ''Regio X Venetia et Histria'') was an administrative subdivision in the northeast of Roman Italy. It was originally created by Augustus as the tenth ''regio'' in 7 AD alongside the nine other ''regiones''. The region h ...

. * Ostoria Sexta, named in a funerary inscription from

. * Ostoria Successa, the wife of Titus Flavius Ampliatus, was a priestess from

Bubastis Bubastis ( Bohairic Coptic: ''Poubasti''; Greek: ''Boubastis'' or ''Boubastos''), also known in Arabic as Tell-Basta or in Egyptian as Per-Bast, was an ancient Egyptian city. Bubastis is often identified with the biblical ''Pi-Beseth'' ( ''p ...

, buried at Rome. * Gaius Ostorius Successus, patron of Ostoria Nike, buried at Rome. * Publius Ostorius Telesphorus, dedicated a monument to his son, Publius Ostorius Dorus, at Rome. * Gaius Ostorius Terpons, husband of Julia, buried at Rome. * Quintus Ostorius Thia .. named in a funerary inscription from Rome. * Gaius Ostorius Tranquillianus, named in a military diploma from Pelovo in

Moesia Inferior Moesia (; Latin: ''Moesia''; ) was an ancient region and later Roman province situated in the Balkans south of the Danube River. As a Roman domain Moesia was administered at first by the governor of Noricum as 'Civitates of Moesia and Triballi ...

, dating from AD 153, as well as some inscriptions, the origin of which is uncertain. * Quintus Ostorius Valerius, listed among the sacerdotes Augustales at Rome. * Ostoria Varilla, concubine of Acidus, buried at Rome. * Publius Ostorius Vitalio, son of Ostoria Vitalis, one of the Seviri Augustales at

Marruvium San Benedetto dei Marsi (, ; ) is a ''comune ''and town in the province of L'Aquila in the Abruzzo region of central Italy. It is on the eastern shore of the dried Lake Fucino, from the remains of another ancient site, Alba Fucens. Near the town ...

in Samnium, where he was buried, aged twenty-three.. * Ostoria Vitalis, dedicated a monument at Marruvium to her son, Publius Ostorius Vitalio. * Marcus Ostorius Zithis, husband of Claudia Erotis, buried at Rome.

Footnotes

References

Bibliography

Publius Cornelius Tacitus Publius Cornelius Tacitus, known simply as Tacitus ( , ; – ), was a Roman historian and politician. Tacitus is widely regarded as one of the greatest Roman historiography, Roman historians by modern scholars. Tacitus’ two major historical ...

, ''

Annales Annals are a concise form of historical writing which record events chronologically, year by year. The equivalent word in Latin and French is ''annales'', which is used untranslated in English in various contexts. List of works with titles contai ...

'', '' De Vita et Moribus Iulii Agricolae'' (On the Life and Mores of Julius Agricola). * Lucius Cassius Dio Cocceianus (

Cassius Dio Lucius Cassius Dio (), also known as Dio Cassius ( ), was a Roman historian and senator of maternal Greek origin. He published 80 volumes of the history of ancient Rome, beginning with the arrival of Aeneas in Italy. The volumes documented the ...

), ''Roman History''. * ''

Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology The ''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'' is a biographical dictionary of classical antiquity, edited by William Smith (lexicographer), William Smith and originally published in London by John Taylor (English publisher), Tayl ...

'',

William Smith William, Willie, Will, Bill, or Billy Smith may refer to: Academics * William Smith (Master of Clare College, Cambridge) (1556–1615), English academic * William Smith (antiquary) (c. 1653–1735), English antiquary and historian of University C ...

, ed., Little, Brown and Company, Boston (1849). *

Theodor Mommsen Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen (; ; 30 November 1817 – 1 November 1903) was a German classical scholar, historian, jurist, journalist, politician and archaeologist. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest classicists of the 19th ce ...

''et alii'', ''

Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum The ''Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum'' (''CIL'') is a comprehensive collection of ancient Latin inscriptions. It forms an authoritative source for documenting the surviving epigraphy of classical antiquity. Public and personal inscriptions throw ...

'' (The Body of Latin Inscriptions, abbreviated ''CIL''), Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften (1853–present). *

Giovanni Battista de Rossi Giovanni Battista (Carlo) de Rossi (23 February 1822 – 20 September 1894) was an Italian archaeologist, famous even outside his field for rediscovering early Christian catacombs. Life and works Born in Rome, he was the son of Commendatore C ...

, ''Inscriptiones Christianae Urbis Romanae Septimo Saeculo Antiquiores'' (Christian Inscriptions from Rome of the First Seven Centuries, abbreviated ''ICUR''), Vatican Library, Rome (1857–1861, 1888). * ''Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità'' (News of Excavations from Antiquity, abbreviated ''NSA''), Accademia dei Lincei (1876–present). * René Cagnat ''et alii'', ''

L'Année épigraphique ''L'Année épigraphique'' (''The Epigraphic Year'', standard abbreviation ''AE'') is a French publication on epigraphy (i.e the study of inscriptions or epigraphs as writing). It was set up by René Cagnat, as holder of the chair of 'Epigraphy a ...

'' (The Year in Epigraphy, abbreviated ''AE''), Presses Universitaires de France (1888–present). * George Davis Chase, "The Origin of Roman Praenomina", in ''Harvard Studies in Classical Philology'', vol. VIII (1897). * Paul von Rohden,

Elimar Klebs Elimar Klebs (15 October 1852 – 16 May 1918) was a German historian of ancient history. He was the brother of botanist Georg Klebs. Biography Klebs was born in Braunsberg (Braniewo), Prussia. He studied in Berlin under Theodor Mommsen ...

, &

Hermann Dessau Hermann Dessau (6 April 1856, Frankfurt am Main – 12 April 1931, Berlin) was a German ancient historian and epigrapher. He is noted for a key work of textual criticism published in 1889 on the ''Historia Augusta'', which uncovered reasons to ...

, ''

Prosopographia Imperii Romani The ', abbreviated ''PIR'', is a collective historical work to establish the prosopography of high-profile people from the Roman Empire. The time period covered extends from the Battle of Actium in 31 BC to the reign of Diocletian. The final volum ...

'' (The Prosopography of the Roman Empire, abbreviated ''PIR''), Berlin (1898). * Hilding Thylander, ''Inscriptions du port d'Ostie'' (Inscriptions from the Port of Ostia, abbreviated ''IPOstie''), Acta Instituti Romani Regni Sueciae, Lund (1952). * ''

Mnemosyne In Greek mythology and ancient Greek religion, Mnemosyne (; , ) is the goddess of memory and the mother of the nine Muses by her nephew Zeus. In the Greek tradition, Mnemosyne is one of the Titans, the twelve divine children of the earth-godde ...

'' (1969). * Mireille Cébeillac, "Quelques inscriptions inédites d'Ostie" (Some Unedited Inscriptions from Ostia, abbreviated ''IIOstie''), in ''Mélanges d'Archéologie et d'Histoire de l'École Française de Rome'', vol. 83, pp. 39–125 (1971). * Margaret M. Roxan and Paul A. Holder, ''Roman Military Diplomas'' (abbreviated ''RMD''), London (1978–present). *

Michel Christol Michel Christol (25 October 1942, Castelnau-de-Guers) is a French historian, specialist of ancient Rome, and particularly epigraphy. Biography Born in Herault, Michel Christol attended high school in Béziers then his university studies in Mon ...

and S. Demougin
"Notes de prosopographie équestre"
in ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'', vol. 57, pp. 171–178 (1984). * Anthony R. Birley, ''The Roman Government of Britain'', Oxford University Press (2005). * Werner Eck, "Die Konsulnlisten in den Fasti Ostienses: Ergänzte und neue Namen", in ''Codex: Giornale romanistico di studi giuridici, politici e sociali'', vol. v, pp. 105–125 (2024). {{DEFAULTSORT:Ostoria (gens) Roman gentes