The following purported languages of South America are listed as unclassified in Campbell (2012), Loukotka (1968), ''

Ethnologue ''Ethnologue: Languages of the World'' is an annual reference publication in print and online that provides statistics and other information on the living languages of the world. It is the world's most comprehensive catalogue of languages. It w ...

'', and ''

Glottolog ''Glottolog'' is an open-access online bibliographic database of the world's languages. In addition to listing linguistic materials ( grammars, articles, dictionaries) describing individual languages, the database also contains the most up-to-d ...

''. Nearly all are extinct. It is likely that many of them were not actually distinct languages, only an ethnic or regional name.

Campbell & Grondona (2012)

Campbell & Grondona (2012:116–130) lists the following 395 languages of South America as unclassified. Most are extinct.Campbell, Lyle, and Verónica Grondona (eds). 2012. ''The indigenous languages of South America: a comprehensive guide''. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Many were drawn from Loukotka (1968)Loukotka, Čestmír. 1968. ''Classification of South American Indian Languages'' Los Angeles: Latin American Studies Center, UCLA. and Adelaar & Muysken (2004). The majority are not listed in ''

''. The list is arranged in alphabetical order. *Aarufi – Colombia *Aburuñe – Bolivia *Acarapi – Brazil * Aconipa (Tabancal, Tabancara) – Ecuador; only 5 words known * Aguano (Awano, Ahuano, Uguano, Aguanu, Santa Crucino) – Peru *Alarua – Brazil *Alon – Peru *Amasifuin – Peru * Amikoana (Amikuân) – Brazil *Amoeca – Brazil *Amuimo – Brazil *Anetine – Bolivia *Angara – Peru *Anicun – Brazil * Anserma (including Caramanta, Cartama) – Colombia, likely Choco *Aparea – Argentina *Apitupá – Brazil *Apiyipán – Bolivia *Aracadaini – Brazil *Arae – Brazil *Aramayu – Brazil *Aramurú – Brazil *Arapoá – Brazil * Arara do Beiradão (Arara do Rio Branco, Arara do Aripuanã) – Brazil *Ararau – Brazil * – Peru, Colombia (a purported language isolate called "Arda" has no relation, but was a misidentified vocabulary of the West African language Popo (Gen)) *Arma-Pozo (

Arma Arma, ARMA or variants, may refer to: Places * Arma, Kansas, United States * Arma, Nepal * Arma District, Peru * Arma District, Yemen * Arma Mountains, Afghanistan People * Arma people, an ethnic group of the middle Niger River valley * Arma lan ...

) – Colombia *Aroásene – Brazil *Artane – Bolivia *Atavila – Peru * Aticum (Araticum) – Brazil *Atunceta – Colombia *Aueiko – Brazil *Avis – Brazil *Axata Darpa – Paraguay *Ayacore – Peru *

Bagua The ''bagua'' ( zh, c=八卦, p=bāguà, l=eight trigrams) is a set of symbols from China intended to illustrate the nature of reality as being composed of mutually opposing forces reinforcing one another. ''Bagua'' is a group of trigrams—co ...

– Peru; only 3 words known, possibly Cariban *Baixóta – Brazil *Bakurönchichi – Brazil *Bauá – Brazil *Bikutiakap – Brazil *Bixarenren – Brazil *Boimé (Poyme) – Brazil *Bolona – Ecuador *Bracamoro (Papamuru) – Peru *Buritiguara – Brazil *Caapina – Brazil *Cachipuna – Peru *Cafuana – Brazil * Cagua – Colombia; ISO 639 code retired for being spurious *Caguan (Kaguan) – Argentina *Cahan – Brazil *Cajamarca – Peru *Cajatambo – Peru *Camana (Maje) – Peru *Camaraxo – Brazil *Camaré – Brazil *Campaces – Ecuador; possibly Barbacoan, with Tsafiki, but unconfirmed *Canelo – Ecuador *Cañacure – Bolivia *Capueni – Brazil *Capua – Brazil * Cara (Scyri, Caranqui, Otavalo) – Ecuador; possibly Barbacoan *

Carabayo The Carabayo (who perhaps call themselves Yacumo) are an uncontacted people of Colombia living in at least three long houses, known as '' malokas'', along the Rio Puré (now the Río Puré National Park) in the southeastern corner of the cou ...

(Yuri, "Amazonas Macusa"), grouped in the

Ticuna–Yuri languages Ticuna–Yuri is a small family, perhaps even a dialect continuum, consisting of at least two, and perhaps three, known languages of South America: the major western Amazonian language Ticuna, the poorly attested and extinct Yurí, and the scar ...

*Caraguata – Brazil *Carapacho – Peru *Carára – Brazil *Carari – Brazil, Amazonas; a short word-list recorded by

Johann Natterer Johann Natterer (9 November 1787 – 17 June 1843) was an Austrian natural history, naturalist and List of explorers, explorer. He was the son of royal falconer Joseph Natterer and along with his brother Joseph Natterer (1786–1852) took a keen i ...

which shows no resemblance to known languages *Cararú (Cajurú) – Brazil *Caripó (Curupeche) – Brazil *Cascoasoa – Peru *Casigara – Brazil *Casota – Argentina *Cauacaua (Kawakawa) – Brazil *Cauauri – Brazil *Caucahue – southern Chile *Cauni – Brazil *Caupuna – Brazil *Cavana (Maje) – Peru *Caxago – Brazil *Cayú – Brazil *Ceococe – Brazil * Chachapoya (Chacha) – Peru *Chancay – Brazil *Chechehet ("Pampa") – Argentina; Loukotka (1968) gives the words ''chivil'' 'two', ''chu'' 'earth', and ''hati'' 'great'. May be the same as Gününa Küne *Chedua – Peru *Chicha – Bolivia *Chincha – Peru *Chinchipe – Peru * Chipiajes – Colombia *Chitarero – Colombia *Cholto – Peru *Chongo – Peru * Chono – Chile; considered language isolate. *Chumbivilca – Peru; possibly a variety of Puquina; might be Aymaran *Chunanawa – Peru; possibly Panoan based on suffix *Churima – Bolivia *Chusco – Peru *Ciaman – Colombia *Cognomona – Peru *Colima – Ecuador; possibly Cariban, linked with Pijao *Comanahua – Peru *Comaní – Brazil * Comechingón – near Córdoba, Argentina; possibly Huarpean * Copallén (Copallín) – Peru; only 4 words known *Coritananhó – Brazil * Coxima (Koxima) – Colombia *Culaycha – Argentina *Cumayari – Brazil *Cumbazá (Belsano) – Peru *Curanave – Brazil *Curi – Brazil *Curiane – northeastern South America; precise location unknown *Curierano – Brazil *Curizeta – Peru *Curubianan – Brazil *Curumiá – Brazil *Curumro (Kurumro) – Paraguay *Curuzirari – Brazil *Cutaguá – Brazil *Cutría – Brazil *Cuximiraíba – Brazil *Cuxiuára – Brazil *Damanivá – Brazil *Dawainomol – Paraguay *Demacuri – Brazil * Diaguita (Cacan, Kakán) – northwest Argentina; subdivisions are Calchaquí, Capayán, Catamarcano, Hualfín, Paccioca azioca Pular, Quilme, Yacampis *Divihet – Argentina; considered a synonym of Gününa Küne *Dokoro – Brazil *Duri – Brazil *Egualo – Argentina *Eimi – Peru *Emischata – Argentina *Envuelo – Colombia *Erema – Brazil * Ewarhuyana – Brazil; possibly 12 speakers in Pará State, synonym of Tiriyó *Foklása – Brazil; the ethnic group speaks Fulniô according to the Fulni-ô ethnic group *Gadio – Brazil *Galache – Brazil *Gambéla – Brazil * Gorgotoqui – Bolivia *Goyana – Brazil *Guaca (and Nori) – Colombia *Guacará – Argentina *Guadaxo – Brazil *Guaimute – Brazil *Guajarapo (Guasaroca) – Bolivia * Guanaca – Colombia; possibly a relative of Guambiano (Barbacoan) *Guane – Colombia; possibly Chibchan *Guanarú – Brazil *Guanavena – Brazil *Guarino – Brazil *Guenta – Colombia *Guyarabe – Brazil *Hacaritama – Colombia *Harritiahan – Brazil *Hiauahim (Javaim) – Brazil * Himarimã – Brazil; uncontacted group, apparently Arawan based off of lost wordlist *Huancavilca – Ecuador; extinct *Huambuco – Peru; might be a misspelling of Huánuco *Huayana – Peru *Huayla – Peru * Humahuaca (Omaguaca) – Argentina; apparent subdivisions are Fiscara, Jujuy, Ocloya, Osa, Purmamarca, Tiliar; Mason (1950:302) proposed an "Ataguitan" grouping that includes Humahuaca, Diaguita, and Atacameño * Iapama – Brazil *Ibabi Aniji – Peru * Idabaez – Colombia; only 1 word ( 'medicine man') and a chief's name are known; Pacific coast, Bahía Solano to Cape Marzo in Colombia (Loukotka 1968) *Imaré – Brazil *Ina – Brazil *Iñajurupé – Brazil *Irra – Colombia *Iruri – Brazil *Isolados do Massaco (?) – Brazil *Isolados do Tanarú (?) – Brazil ( Man of the Hole) *Itipuna – Brazil *Itucá (Cuacá) – Brazil *Jacariá – Brazil *Jaguanai – Brazil *Jaguanan – Brazil *Jamundi – Colombia; may be Yurimangui, but no data *Jeticó (Jiripancó) – Brazil *Jitirijiti – Colombia; may be Chocó, but no data *Jurema – Brazil *Juruena – Brazil *Jururu – Brazil * Kaimbé (Caimbé, Caimbe) – Brazil; extinct *

Kamba Kamba may refer to: *Kamba African Rainforest Experiences, a collection of eco-luxury lodges in the Republic of Congo *Kamba people of Kenya *Bena-Kamba, a community in the Democratic Republic of the Congo *Khampa, also spelled Kamba, Tibetan peop ...

(Camba) – Brazil; possibly Tupian, extinct * Kambiwá (Cambiuá, Cambioá) – Brazil; extinct *Kantaruré – Brazil * Kapinawá – Brazil; extinct * Karahawyana – Brazil (now classified as a dialect of the Waiwai language) * Katembri (Kariri de Mirandela) – Brazil *Kiapüre (Quiapyre) – Brazil * Kohoroxitari – possibly Tucanoan; may be the same as Baniwa *Kokakôre – Brazil *Komokare – Brazil * Korubo (Caceteiros) – Brazil; known to be Panoan; may be the same as Marúbo, or related to Yanomámi ( Yanomaman) *Koshurái – Brazil *Kururu – Brazil *Lache – Colombia; may be Chibchan, but no data *Lambi – Brazil *Lili – Colombia; may be Yurumangui, but no data *Llamish – Peru *Macamasu – Brazil *Macarú – Brazil *Macuani – Brazil *Macuaré – Brazil *Macuja – Brazil *Macuruné – Brazil *Mairajiqui – Brazil *Malaba – Ecuador; may be Barbacoa (Chibchan), but no data * Malibú – Colombia; formerly considered Chibchan *Malquesi – Paraguay *Manesono (Mopeseano) – Bolivia *Manta – Ecuador; possibly Chimú, but only a few patronyms are known *Maracano – Brazil *Marapaña – Brazil *Maricoxi – Brazil *Maricupi – Brazil *Maripá – Brazil *Maruquevene – Brazil *Masa – Argentina *Masarari – Brazil *Masaya – Colombia *Mashco – Peru; uncontacted, possibly related to Piro (Arawakan), or "Preandine" (Arawakan) *Matará – Argentina * Maynas (Mayna, Maina, Rimachu) – Peru; past attempts to link it to Jivaroan, Cahuapanan, Zaparoan, and Candoshi * Maxiena (Ticomeri) – Bolivia *Mayu – Brazil; possibly the same as Mayo (Panoan) or Morike (Arawakan); ''mayu'' is the Quechuan word for 'river, water' *Menejou – Brazil *Minhahá – Brazil * Miarrã – Brazil * Mocana – Brazil; may be related to Malibú, but only 2 words known *Moheyana – Brazil *Morcote – Colombia; may be Chibchan, but no data *Moriquito – Brazil *Morua – Brazil *Moyobamba (Moyo-Pampa) – Peru *Muriva – Brazil *Muzapa – Peru *Muzo – Colombia; may be Pijao (Cariban), but only 3 words known * Natagaimas – Colombia; extinct *Nacai – Brazil *Nambu – Bolivia *Nauna – Brazil *Nindaso – Peru *Nocadeth – Brazil *Nomona – Peru *Ñumasiara – Brazil *Ocra – Peru *Ocren – Brazil *Ohoma – Argentina; may be the same as Hohoma or Mahoma *Oivaneca – Brazil * Olmos – Peru; possibly connected with Sechura *Onicoré – Brazil *Onoyóro – Brazil *Orí – Brazil *Ortue – Bolivia *Otecua – Peru *Otegua – Colombia * Otí (Eochavante, Chavante) – Brazil; Greenberg classifies it as Macro-Gé, though this is unlikely according to Ribeiro (2006:422), otherwise considered isolate, only around 100 words known * Pacabuey – Colombia; may be Malibú (Chibchan), but no data *Pacarará (Pakarara) – Brazil *Pacimonari – Venezuela *Paguara – Brazil *Panatagua (Pantahua) – Peru; extinct, possibly Arawakan * Panche – Colombia; possibly Cariban * Pankararé (Pankaré) – Bahía, Brazil; extinct and unattested, cannot be assumed to be a dialect of Pankararú * Pantágora (Palenque) – Colombia *Pao – Venezuela *Papamiän – Brazil; may be the same as the "Isolados do Massaco" *Papana – Brazil * Papavô – Brazil; uncontacted, may be Arawakan or Panoan (?), according to Glottolog refers to groups of Harákmbut, Kulina, Amawaka and Yawanawa *Paragoaru – Brazil? *Paraparixana – Brazil *Parapicó – Brazil * Patagón – Peru; possibly Cariban, only 4 known words *Patiti – Brazil *Payacú – Brazil *Payanso – Peru *

Pehuenche Pehuenche (or Pewenche) are an Indigenous people of South America. They live in the Andes, primarily in present-day south central Chile and adjacent Argentina. Their name derives from their dependence for food on the seeds of the ''Araucaria ar ...

(Peguenche) – Argentina; distinct from Pehuenche dialect of Mapudungun *Peria (Poria) – Brazil *Perovosan – Bolivia *Piapia – Brazil * Pijao (Piajao, Pixao, Pinao) – Colombia; sometimes grouped with Cariban * (Pipipã) – Brazil *Pocoana – Brazil *Porcá – Brazil *Porú (Procáze) – Brazil *Pubenza ( Popayan) – Colombia *Puná (Puná Island) – Ecuador * Puquina – Peru, Bolivia, Chile *Quelosi – Argentina * Querandí (Carendie) – Argentina, near Buenos Aires; may be related to Gününa Küne. Loukotka (1968) gives the words ''zobá'' 'moon' and ''afia'' 'bow' *Quiquidcana (Quidquidcana, Kikidkana) – Peru *Quijo (Kijo) – Ecuador; may be Barbácoa (Chibchan), but only 3 words are known *Quillacinga (Quillasinga) – Ecuador; may be Sebondoy; Fabre (1998:676) reports that the Kamsa ( Camsá, speakers of a language isolate) are descended, at least in part, from the Quillasinga * Quimbaya – Colombia; may be Chocó, but only 8 words are known *Quimbioá – Brazil; likely synonym for Kambiwá *Quindío (Quindio) – Colombia * Quingnam – Peru; extinct, possibly the same as and geographcally related to Lengua (Yunga) Pescadora of colonial sources; according to Quilter et al. (2010), a list of numbers was recently found *Qurigmã (Quirigmã) – Brazil * Rabona – Ecuador; possibly Candoshi (Murato), but there are similarities with Aguaruna (Jivaroan) *Roramí (Oramí) – Brazil * Sácata (Sacata, Zácata, Chillao) – Peru; extinct; may be Candoshi or Arawakan, but only 3 words known *Sacosi – Bolivia *Sacracrinha (Sequaquirihen) – Brazil * Sanavirón – Argentina, near Córdova. Loukotka classified it as an isolate, but there is insufficient data (only 6 or 7 words) to justify this. *Sapeiné – Peru *Seden – Brazil *Siberi – Bolivia *Sintó (Assek, Upsuksinta) – Paraguay * Sinú (Zenú) – Colombia; may be Chocó, but no data *Sipisipi – Peru *Socorino – Bolivia *Stanatevogyet – Paraguay *Supuselo – Argentina *Surucosi – Bolivia *Suruim – Brazil *Tacunbiacu – Bolivia *Taguaylen – Argentina *Tacarúba (Tacarua) – Brazil *Taluhet – Argentina *Tamacosi – Bolivia *Tamaní – Colombia *Tamaquéu – Brazil *Tamararé – Brazil *Tambaruré – Brazil *Taminani – Brazil *Tanquihua – Peru *Tapacurá – Brazil * Tapeba – Brazil *Tapuisú – Brazil * Tarairiú (Tarairiu, Ochucuyana) – Brazil *Tarimoxi – Brazil *Taripio – Brazil, Suriname *Tavúri – Brazil *Tchagoyána – Brazil *Tchicoyna – Brazil *Tegua – Colombia *Tepqui – Peru *Tevircacap – Brazil *Tiboi – Bolivia *Timaná – Colombia; may be Andaquí (isolate) *Tingán – Peru * Tingui-Boto – Brazil; extinct; also known as Tingui, Tingui-Botó, Carapató, Karapató, Tingui-Botó people were also called Wakoná *Tobachana – Brazil *Tohazana – Venezuela *Tomata – Bolivia *Tomina – Bolivia * Tonocoté – Argentina, Chaco region *Tororí – Brazil * Truká – Brazil; unattested * Tremembé (Teremembé, Taramembé) – Brazil; unattested *Tubichaminí – Argentina; grouped by Loukotka with Querandí and Chechehet *Tucumanduba – Brazil *Tulumayo – Peru *Tupijó – Brazil *Tupiokón – Brazil *Tutura – Bolivia *Uairua – Brazil *Uauarate – Brazil *Uranaju – Brazil *Urucuai – Brazil *Uruma – Brazil * Uru-Pa-In – Brazil; Tupian language of isolated group *Urupuca – Brazil *Ururi – Brazil, Mato Grosso *Vanherei – Brazil *Vouve – Brazil * Waitaká (Guaitacá, Goyatacá, Goytacaz) – Brazil; subdivisions: Mopi, Yacorito, Wasu, Miri, possibly Purian * Wakoná (Wacona, Acona) – Brazil; unattested *Walêcoxô – Brazil * Wasu (Waçu, Wassu) – Brazil; unattested *Wau – Peru *Xaquese – Bolivia *Xaray – Bolivia *Xibata – Brazil *Xipará – Brazil *Xiroa – Ecuador; mentioned in early sources, and may be a variant spelling of Jívaro * Xokó – Brazil; only 4 words are known; also known as Chocó, Shoco, Shokó, Chocaz *Yalcón – Colombia; may be Andaquí (isolate), but no data *Yamesí – Colombia; may be Antioquian (Chibchan), but only 1 word known *Yampará – Bolivia *Yaperú (Naperú, Apirú) – Paraguay * Yarí – Colombia; may be a Carijona (Cariban dialect), West Tucanoan, or Huitoto(an) *Yariguí (Yarigüí) – Colombia; may be Opone (Karaib), but no data ( Yarigui people) *Yauei – Brazil *Yenmu – Colombia *Yoemanai – Brazil *Yufiua – Brazil *Yumbo – Ecuador; may be Barbácoa (Barbacoan), but no data *Zapazo – Peru *Zuana – Brazil *Yurimagua (Zurimagua, Jurimagua) – Peru *Zurina – Brazil

Loukotka (1968)

Loukotka (1968) lists the following languages of South America as unclassified. They are extinct unless otherwise noted.

Southern South America and Chacos Region

Divisions A (South) and B (Chaco) (Loukotka 1968: 63): *Aperea – unknown language of the old mission of

Santiago Sánchez Santiago (, ; ), also known as Santiago de Chile (), is the capital city, capital and largest city of Chile and one of the largest cities in the Americas. It is located in the country's Chilean Central Valley, central valley and is the center ...

in the province of Corrientes, Argentina. *Axata Darpa – unknown language of an unknown tribe of the

Gran Chaco The Gran Chaco or simply Chaco is a sparsely populated, hot and semiarid lowland tropical dry broadleaf forest natural region of the Río de la Plata basin, divided among eastern Bolivia, western Paraguay, northern Argentina, and a portion o ...

of Paraguay. *Casota – unknown language of the old mission of Santa Lucía, Corrientes, Argentina. *Culaycha – unknown language of the old mission of Santa Lucía, Corrientes, Argentina. *Dawainomol – unknown language from the

of Paraguay. *Divihet –

Colorado River The Colorado River () is one of the principal rivers (along with the Rio Grande) in the Southwestern United States and in northern Mexico. The river, the List of longest rivers of the United States (by main stem), 5th longest in the United St ...

and Sauce Chico River, province of La Pampa, Argentina. *Egualo – unknown language of the old mission of

, province of Corrientes, Argentina. *Emischata – unknown language of the old mission of Santa Lucía, Corrientes, Argentina. *Jaguanan – Iguape, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. *Kaguan – mission of

, Corrientes, Argentina. *Kurumro – language of an unknown tribe of the Paraguayan

. *Malquesi – western shore of Laguna Porongos, province of Córdoba, Argentina. *Masa – unknown language of the old mission of

. *Ohoma – extinct and unknown language near the old mission of Homa or Ohoma, province of Corrientes, Argentina. *Peguenche non-araucano – a lost language of the Neuquén province, Argentina. *Quelosi – unknown language east of the Mar Chiquita, province of Córdoba, Argentina. *Sintó or Assek or Upsuksinta – language of an unknown tribe in the interior of the

of Paraguay, north of the Choroti tribe. *Stanatevogyet – unknown language of the Paraguayan

. *Supeselb – lost language of the old mission of Santa Lucía, Corrientes province. *Taguaylen – lost language of the old mission of Santa Lucía, Corrientes province.

Central Brazil

Division C (Central Brazil) (Loukotka 1968: 86–87): *Arae – unknown language left bank of the

Araguaia River The Araguaia River ( , Karajá language, Karajá: ♂ ''Berohokỹ'' eɾohoˈkə̃ ♀ ''Bèrakuhukỹ'' ɛɾakuhuˈkə̃ is one of the major rivers of Brazil, and a tributary of the Tocantins River. Geography The Araguaia River comes from ...

south of Bananal Island. *Buritiguara – unknown language state of Mato Grosso near the confluence of the

and Manso River. *Cahan – Iguatimí River ( Iguatemi River) and Espocil River, state of Mato Grosso. *Curumiá – sources of the Brilhante River, Mato Grosso. *Cutaguá – state of Mato Grosso on the Dourados River. *Gaelio – state of Espirito Santo, exact locality unknown. *Guadaxo – upper course of the Anhandui River, Mato Grosso. *Guaimute – near the falls of Salto Grande, Espirito Santo. *Guariteré – Mato Grosso, exact locality unknown. *Imaré –

Taquari River The Taquari River () is a river in the states of Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul in Brazil. It is a left tributary of the Paraguay River. The town of Coxim is situated on the Taquari. The Taquari River is considered the most degraded river in ...

, state of Mato Grosso. *Ina – unknown language,

Paranaíba River The Paranaíba River is a Brazilian river whose source lies in the state of Minas Gerais in the Mata da Corda mountains, municipality of Rio Paranaíba, at an altitude of 1,148 meters; on the other face of this mountain chain are the sources of t ...

, Mato Grosso. *Iñajurupé – lost language of the old mission of Gracioso, Goiás state. *Jurema – unknown language of Piauí state, exact locality unknown. *Kokakôre – Mato Grosso state along the

Tocantins River The Tocantins River ( , Parkatêjê dialect, Parkatêjê: ''Pyti'' ɨˈti is a river in Brazil, the central fluvial artery of the country. In the Tupi language, its name means "toucan's beak" (''Tukã'' for "toucan" and ''Ti'' for "beak"). It ...

. *Komokare – unknown language of Goiás state, exact locality unknown. *Koróge – Pogúbe River ( Poguba River), Mato Grosso. *Kururu – state of Mato Grosso on the Carinhanha River. *Macuruné – Mucunis River (

Mucuri River The Mucuri River is a river of Bahia and Minas Gerais states in eastern Brazil Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in South America. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by area, fifth ...

?), state of Minas Gerais. *Papana – between the Doce River and Jequitinhonha River, Minas Gerais. *Urupuca – Urupuca River ( Urupaça River), Minas Gerais. *Ururi – state of Mato Grosso, exact location unknown. *Vanherei – sources of the Piquiri River, state of Mato Grosso. *Yaperú or Naperú or Apirú – Paraguay near Asunción.

Northeast Brazil

Division D (Northeast Brazil) (Loukotka 1968: 92–95): *Aconan or Wakoná – originally spoken around Lagoa Comprida and in Penedo; now survivors of the original tribe who speak only Portuguese are found in the city of Porto Real do Colégio. *Anicun – source of the Uruhu River ( Uru River) and Dos Bois River. *Apitupá – unknown language, Aquitipi River, Bahia state. *Aramurú – state of Sergipe on the

São Francisco River The São Francisco River (, ) is a large Rivers of Brazil, river in Brazil. With a length of , it is the longest river that runs entirely in Brazilian territory, and the fourth longest in South America and overall in Brazil (after the Amazon R ...

. *Arapoá – around Jaboatão in the state of Pernambuco. *Arariú – unknown language near Meruoca on the Acatajú River, state of Ceará. *Aticum or Araticum – Pernambuco, near Carnaubeira. The survivors now speak only Portuguese. *Avis – unknown language of the state of Pernambuco, valley of the Pajeú River. *Baixóta – now speak Portuguese in the Serra Catolé, Pernambuco. *Boime or Poyme – state of Sergipe near Aracajú on the

. *Caimbé – village of Masacara near Mirandela, state of Bahia. The survivors now speak only Portuguese. *Camaraxo – between

Ilhéus Ilhéus () is a major city located in the southern coastal region of Bahia, Brazil, 211 km south of Salvador, Brazil, Salvador, the state's capital. The city was founded in 1534 as Vila de São Jorge dos Ilhéus and is known as one of the mos ...

and Serra dos Aimorés, state of Bahia. *Cambioá – Serra Negra, Pernambuco state. *Cararú or Cajurú – Soroabé Island in the

, Pernambuco state. *Caripó or Curupehe –

near Boa Vista, Pernambuco. *Caxago – state of Sergipe on the

. *Ceococe – São Pedro, Pernambuco and Serra Pão de Açúcar, Pernambuco. *Foklása – state of Pernambuco in the Serra dos Cavalos. *Galache – near Macaubas, state of Bahia. *Gambéla – unknown language near Ourém and São José, Maranhão state. *Guarino – middle course of the Tijuco River, Mato Grosso. *Itucá or Cuacá – originally spoken in the Serra Negra, Pernambuco state. The last survivors now speak only Portuguese. *Jeriticó or Jiripancó – village of Pindaé near Brejo dos Padres in Tacaratu, Pernambuco. Survivors now speak only Portuguese. *Jururu – state of Ceará, but exact location is unknown. *Macamasu – the exact location of which is unknown. *Macarú – village of Brejo dos Padres, Tacaratu. A few survivors now speak only Portuguese. *Mairajiqui – Bahia de Todos os Santos, state of Bahia. *Moriquito – Alagoas state on the lower course of the

. *Nacai – Aquitipi River, Bahia. *Ocren – Bahia on the

near Salitre. *Orí – Bahia, between the Itapicuru River and Vaza-Barris River. *Pacarará – state of Pernambuco in the Serra Cacaréa and Serra Arapuá. *Parapicó – Serra Comonati, Pernambuco. *Peria or Poria – village of Rodelas, Bahia. A few survivors now speak only Portuguese. *Pipipan – lower course of the Moxotó River, Pernambuco. *Porcá – on Várgea Island in the

, Pernambuco. *Porú or Procáze – originally spoken in the Serra Nhumarana and Serra Cassuca, later on the Várgea Islands and Nossa Senhora de O Islands in the

. Now probably extinct. *Quiambioá – Serra Negra, Pernambuco. *Qurigmã – the first inhabitants of São Salvador Bay (

Salvador, Bahia Salvador () is a Municipalities of Brazil, Brazilian municipality and capital city of the Federative units of Brazil, state of Bahia. Situated in the Zona da Mata in the Northeast Region, Brazil, Northeast Region of Brazil, Salvador is recognize ...

), state of Bahia. *Romarí or Omarí – originally spoken in the Serra de Pao de Açúcar, state of Pernambuco. Now there are a few survivors with an unknown language in the village of Propriá, Sergipe state. *Sacracrinha or Sequaquirihen – state of Bahia near the mouth of the Salitre River in the

. *Tacarúba or Tacarua – island of Soroabé in the

, state of Pernambuco. *Tamaquéu –

in the state of Pernambuco, at the confluence with the Salitre River. *Tchili – city of Cimbres, Pernambuco. *Teremembe or Tremembé or Taramembé – originally spoken by a tribe on the coast between the mouth of the Monim River and the mouth of the Chorro River ( Choró River), state of Ceará. *Tupijó – state of Bahia by the neighbors of the Maracá tribe. *Uruma – state of Sergipe on the

. *Vouve – Piancó River, Pernambuco state. *Walêcoxô – unknown language from the city of Cimbres, Pernambuco. *Xibata – unknown language of a tribe in the state of Ceará. Exact location is unknown.

North Central South America

Tropical North Central South America (Loukotka 1968: 165–168): *Aburuñe – Xarayes Lagoon (

Pantanal The Pantanal () is a natural region encompassing the world's largest tropical wetland area, and the world's largest Flooded grasslands and savannas, flooded grasslands. It is located mostly within the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso do Sul, but i ...

), Bolivia. *Anetine – near Mojos, Bolivia. *Apiyipán – language of an unknown tribe of the Aripuanã River, Amazonas. *Artane – unknown language of Xarayes Lagoon (

), Bolivia. *Aueiko –

, Mato Grosso. *Bakurönchichi – language of an unknown tribe of the

Branco River The Branco River (; Engl: ''White River'') is the principal affluent of the Rio Negro from the north. Basin The river drains the Guayanan Highlands moist forests ecoregion. It is enriched by many streams from the Tepui highlands which separat ...

, Rondônia. *Bikutiakap – unknown language from Brazil, spoken on the right bank of the Pimenta Bueno River. *Bixarenren – Tiucunti River, a tributary of the Jamachiua River, Rondônia. *Cabixi – Steinen River, Mato Grosso. *Cañacure – Mamoré River, Bolivia. *Capua – spoken on the Rolim de Moura River, Rondônia. *Cayú – spoken on the left bank of the Pimenta Bueno River, Rondônia. *Churima – old mission of San José de Maharenos, Beni province, Bolivia. *Cutriá – spoken on the middle course of the

, Rondônia. *Cuximiraíba – spoken at the mouth of the Aripuanã River, Amazonas. *Djupá – spoken on the Ji-Paraná River, Rondônia. *Dokoro –

, Mato Grosso. *Duri –

, Mato Grosso. *Erema –

, Mato Grosso. *Guajarapo or Guasaroca – around Villa María and Santa Ana de Chiquitos, Santa Cruz province, Bolivia. *Hiauahim or Javaim – "a tribe of cannibals" on the middle course of the Tapajós River, Pará state, Brazil. *Iruri – right bank of the

Madeira River The Madeira River ( ) is a major waterway in South America. It is estimated to be in length, while the Madeira-Mamoré is estimated near or in length depending on the measuring party and their methods. The Madeira is the biggest tributary of ...

, between the Maici River and Aripuanã River, Amazonas. *Juruena – spoken on the Juruena River, Mato Grosso. *Kiapüre or Quiapyre – Mequéns River, Rondônia. *Koshurái – language of an unknown tribe on the lower course of the Ji-Paraná River, Amazonas. *Lambi – extinct language between the

and São Miguel River, Rondônia. *Macuarê – spoken on the left bank of the Pimenta Bueno River, Rondônia. *Manesono or Mopeseano – old mission of San Francisco Borja, Beni province, Bolivia. *Marapanã – spoken by an unknown tribe on the right bank of the Uaimberê River ( Uimeerê River), a tributary of the Pimenta Bueno River, Rondônia. *Maricoxi – sources of the

, Rondônia. *Maxiena or Ticomeri – Mojos Plains west of the mission of

Trinidad Trinidad is the larger, more populous island of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, the country. The island lies off the northeastern coast of Venezuela and sits on the continental shelf of South America. It is the southernmost island in ...

, Beni province, Bolivia. *Minhahá –

, Mato Grosso. *Muriva – mouth of the Jamachim River ( Jamanxim River) to the Tapajós River, Pará state, Brazil. *Nambu – Guapay River, Santa Cruz province, Bolivia. *Nocadeth – spoken on the Aripuanã River, state of Amazonas. *Onicoré – between the mouths of the Manicoré River and Marmelos River, state of Amazonas. *Onoyóro –

, Mato Grosso. *Ortue – on Xarayes Lagoon (

), Bolivia. *Papamiän – spoken on the São Simão River, Rondônia. *Paraparixami – between the Manicoré River and Aninde River, Amazonas. *Patiti – Rondônia territory on the Mequéns River. *Perovosan – south of the Xarayes Lagoon (

), Bolivia. *Piapai – between the Jamachim River ( Jamanxim River) and Iriri River, state of Pará. *Sacosi – ancient Puerto de los Reyes, Bolivia. *Siberi – on Xarayes Lagoon (

), Bolivia. *Socorino – Bolivia. *Surucosi – Bolivia. *Suruim – spoken on the right bank of the Machado River, Rondônia. *Tacunbiacu – between the Guapay River and the Chiquitos Plains, Bolivia. *Tamacosi – Guapay River near La Barranca, Santa Cruz province, Bolivia. *Tamararé – sources of the Juruena River and Galera River, Mato Grosso. *Tambaruré – Rondônia at the mouth of the Apaxoná River. *Tapacurá – Tapacurá-assú River, state of Pará. *Tarimoxi – language of an unknown tribe to the north of the Guratégaja tribe, Rondônia. *Tavúri –

, Mato Grosso. *Tevircacap – spoken on the right bank of the Pimenta Bueno River, Rondônia. *Tiboi – unknown language, exact location unknown, Bolivia. *Ticaõ or Tonore or Chikaõ – language of an unknown tribe on the right bank of the Culiseú River, a tributary of the Xingú River, Mato Grosso. *Tororí – right bank of the

north of the Parintintin tribe, state of Amazonas. *Tupiokón – unknown language spoken on the Paxiúba River, Mato Grosso. *Urucuai – Corumbiara River, Rondônia. *Xacuruina – Sangue River, Mato Grosso. *Xaquese – Puerto de los Reyes, Bolivia. *Xaray – Xarayes Lagoon (

), Bolivia. *Yauei – left bank of the

across from the mouth of the Aripuanã River, state of Amazonas. *Zurina – mouth of the Mamoriá River, Amazonas.

South Central South America

Tropical South Central South America (Loukotka 1968: 178–179): *Alon –

Huambo Huambo, formerly Nova Lisboa (English language, English: ''New Lisbon''), is the third-most populous List of cities and towns in Angola, city in Angola, after the capital city Luanda and Lubango, with a population of 595,304 in the city and a pop ...

River, department of San Martín, Peru. *Amasifuin – right bank of the Huallaga River, Peru. *Ayacore – Curaray River, Loreto, Peru. *Becaba – department of Loreto near San Miguel, on the

Putumayo River The Putumayo River or Içá River (, ) is one of the tributaries of the Amazon River, southwest of and parallel to the Japurá River. Course The Putumayo River forms part of Colombia's border with Ecuador, as well as most of the border with Per ...

. *Bracamoro or Papamuru – near the city of Jaén, department of Cajamarca, Peru. *Chedua – department of San Martín on the

River. *Chinchipe – department of Cajamarca on the Chinchipe River. *Chupacho – Monzón River and Chinchao River, department of Huánuco. *Cognomona – Cognomona region on the upper course of the Huallaga River. *Comanahua – department of Huánuco by the neighbors of the Tepqui tribe. *Cumbazá or Belsano – between Santa Catalina and Yanayacu, department of San Martín. *Curizeta – Cosanga River, Loreto, Peru. *Eimi – language of an unknown tribe that lived on the Napo River, department of Loreto. *Ibabi Aniji – language of an unknown tribe of Peru. (Alvarez 1938) *Muzapa – by the neighbors of the Cognomona tribe in the department of San Martín. *Otecua – spoken on the Sucumbío River, Loreto. *Payanso – Chipurana River, Loreto. *Quidquidcana – department of Huánuco in the Magdalena Valley. *Sapeiné – language of an unknown tribe of the Napo River, Loreto. *Tepqui – Santa María River, Huánuco, Peru. *Tingán – spoken at the mouth of the Monzón River, Huánuco. *Tulumayo – Muna River, Azul River, and Aguaytia River, Huánuco. *Wau – language of an unknown tribe on the Coca River, Loreto.

Central South America

Tropical Central South America (Loukotka 1968: 196–198): *Aarufi – unknown language from the Quebrada de Oksikgnaná, territory of Caquetá, Colombia. *Acarapi – Parime River, territory of Rio Branco, Brazil. *Alarua – between the Japurá River and Auatí-Paraná River, Amazonas state. *Amoeca – language of an unknown tribe living on the Morarô River, state of Amazonas. *Aracadaini – Corodoá River and Aroá River ( Arauã River), tributaries of the Cunhuá River ( Cuniuá River), state of Amazonas. *Arda – between the Nanay River and the upper course of the Mazán River, Loreto, Peru. *Bauá – Motum River and Corneg River, Amazonas. *Cafuana – Japurá River south of the Wariwa tribe. *Capueni – between the Amazon River and Ixié River, Amazonas. *Caraguara – between the Amazon River and Lake Anama. *Carari – mouth of the Mucoin River ( Mucum River ?), Amazonas. *Casigara – mouth of the Juruá River. *Cauacaua or Kawakawa – Japurá River. *Cauni – between the Juruá River and Jutaí River, Amazonas. *Caupuna – mouth of the

Purus River The Purus River (Portuguese: ''Rio Purus''; Spanish: ''Río Purús'') is a tributary of the Amazon River in South America. Its drainage basin is , and the mean annual discharge is . The river shares its name with the Alto Purús National Park a ...

. *Cumayari – spoken by an unknown tribe of the Cumayari region. *Curi – Curi region south of the

Pariana ''Pariana'' is a genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV class ...

tribe. *Curuzirari – between the mouths of the Juruá River and Tefé River. *Cuxiuára – right bank of the

near the mouth. *Envuelto – language of an unknown tribe that lived on the Quebrada de Jirijirima, Caquetá territory, Colombia. *Guanarú – Juruá River, north of the Marawa tribe, Amazonas, Brazil. *Guyarabe – between the Amazon River and Auatí-Paraná River, Amazonas. *Itipuna – between the Juruá River and Jutaí River. *Jacariá – Abuna River, territory of Rondônia, Brazil. *Jaguanai – between the mouth of the Japurá River and the Zuana tribe, Rondônia. *Jarauára – unknown language of a tribe living on the Apituán River and Curiá River, tributaries of the Cataichi River, Amazonas. *Macuja – spoken by an unknown tribe on the Poré River, Amazonas. *Mamori – language of an unknown tribe on the Cunhuá River. *Mariman – spoken on the Riozinho River, tributary of the Cunhuá River. *Maripá – Tonantins River, Amazonas. *Maruquevene – between the mouths of the Japurá River and Auatí-Paraná River. *Masarari – south of the Jutaí River, Amazonas. *Mayu – unknown language spoken on the Jaquirana River, tributary of the Javari River, Amazonas. *Morua – Japurá River south of the Maruquevene tribe. *Nauna – Jutaí River south of the Marawa tribe. *Ñumasiara – unknown language spoken on the Giraparaná River and Canamari River. *Paguara – Tefé River. *Pariana – mouth of the Auatí-Paraná River, Amazonas. *Pauana – Cafua River, Amazonas. *Pocoana – between the Amazon River and Lake Maracaparu. *Taiguana – unknown language spoken in the Sierra Araracuára, Caquetá territory, Colombia. *Tamaní – unknown language spoken on the Quebrada de Tamaní in Caquetá territory, Colombia. *Tobachana – between the Juruá River and Juri River south of the Itipuna tribe, state of Amazonas. *Tucumanduba – spoken on the upper course of the Canacau River, a tributary of the Cunhuá River, Amazonas. *Uaia – Içá River west of the Passé tribe. *Uairua – between the Juruá River and Jaracui River. *Uauarate – Jutaí River north of the Catuquina tribe. *Yenmu – unknown language spoken on the Cure River, Amazonas territory, Colombia. *Yoemanai – right bank and at the mouth of the

, Amazonas state, Brazil. *Yufiua – south of the Coeruna tribe on the Japurá River. *Zuana – Amazon River south of the mouth of the Cafua River, state of Amazonas.

Northeast South America

Tropical Northeast South America (Loukotka 1968: 228–230): *Amuimo – language of an unknown tribe that lived on the Nhamundá River, state of Amazonas. *Aramayu – Oiapoque River, Amapá territory, Brazil. *Ararau – unknown language spoken on the Jatapu River, state of Amazonas. *Aroasene – unknown language spoken at the sources of the Nhamundá River and Jatapu River, state of Amazonas. *Caapina – between the Maicuru River and Jari River, state of Pará. *Camare – Camoó River ( Camaiú River), a tributary of the Trombetas River, Amazonas. *Carara – sources of the Jatapu River, Amazonas. *Cauauri – south of the Curanave tribe, Amazonas. *Comanl – area north of Lake Saracó, state of Pará. *Coritanaho – Ajubacabo River, a tributary of the Trombetas River, state of Pará. *Curanave – west of the Negro River, Amazonas. *Curiane – language of a tribe the location of which is not known exactly. *Curierano – south of the sources of the

Orinoco River The Orinoco () is one of the longest rivers in South America at . Its drainage basin, sometimes known as the Orinoquia, covers approximately 1 million km2, with 65% of it in Venezuela and 35% in Colombia. It is the List of rivers by discharge, f ...

, territory of Amazonas, Venezuela. *Curubianan – Urubu River and Jatapu River, Amazonas *Damanivá – spoken on the Igarapé do Pacú; a tributary of the Caratirimani River and in the Serra do Urubu, Rio Branco territory. *Demacuri – spoken on the Caburi River ( Cauaburi River) near São Pedro, state of Amazonas. *Goyana – lower course of the

, territory of Rio Branco. *Guanavena – between the Urubu River and Jatapu River, Amazonas. *Harritiahan – middle course of the Matapi River, Amapá territory. *Macuani – Oiapoque River, Amapá territory. *Maniba – unknown language spoken on the Inirida River and Pupunagua River, Vaupés territory, Colombia. *Maracano – unknown language spoken on the central part of Maracá Island, Rio Branco territory, Brazil. *Maricupi – lower course of the Montoura River, Amapá territory. *Menejou – middle course of the Jarí River, Amapá territory. *Mepuri – middle course of the Negro River, south of the Baré tribe, state of Amazonas. *Moheyana – language of an unknown tribe that lived between the Erepecurú River and Acapú River, state of Pará. *Oivaneca – Tartarugal River, Amapá territory, Brazil. *Pacimonari – lower course of the Siapa River, Amazonas territory, Venezuela. *Pao – Pao River, state of Monagas, Venezuela. *Paragoaru – Capó River. *Seden – between the Negro River and Uatumã River, Amazonas. *Taminani – Uaçá River and Curupi River ( Curapi River), Amapá territory. All of the last survivors now speak only a French creole dialect. *Tapuisú – mouth of the Maicurú River, Amapá territory. *Taripio – unknown language of an unknown tribe that lived to the north of the Rangú tribe in the frontier area of the Brazilian state of Pará and Dutch Guiana. *Tchagoyána – unknown language spoken between the Erepecurú River and Acapú River, state of Pará. *Tchicoyna – unknown language spoken in the state of Pará, on the Cuátari River. *Tohazana – Venezuela. *Uranaju – middle course of the Araguari River, Amapá. *Waruwádu – language of an unknown tribe that lived between the Ventuari River and Erebato River, state of Bolívar; Venezuela. *Xipará – between the Urubu River and Jatapu River, state of Amazonas.

Northern Andes

Northern Andean region (Loukotka 1968: 259): *Chirú – southwest of the Coiba tribe, Panama. *Escoria – around the city of Santiago, Panama. *Guenta – department of Huila, Colombia. *Masaya – sources of the Caguán River, north of the Guaque tribe. *Natá – on Parita Bay, Panama. *Otegua – department of Huila, Colombia. *Urraca or Esquegua – north of the modern city of Cañazas, Panama. *Yeral – unknown language of Colombia, exact location unknown.

Former
Inca Empire The Inca Empire, officially known as the Realm of the Four Parts (, ), was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. The administrative, political, and military center of the empire was in the city of Cusco. The History of the Incas, Inca ...
region

South Central Andean region (Loukotka 1968: 272–273): *Angara – ancient Inca province of Angara, department of Ayacucho, Peru. *Arequipa – department of

Arequipa Arequipa (; Aymara language, Aymara and ), also known by its nicknames of ''Ciudad Blanca'' (Spanish for "White City") and ''León del Sur'' (Spanish for "South's Lion"), is a city in Peru and the capital of the eponymous Arequipa (province), ...

. *Atavila – ancient province of Canta, department of Lima. *Cachipuna – Puna de Quillpaco, department of Lima. *Cajamarca – around the city of Cajamarca. *Cajatambo – around the city of Cajatambo, department of Lima. *Camana or Maje – Majes River, Arequipa department. *Cavana – middle course of the Majes River, department of Arequipa. *Chachapoya – around the city of Chachapoya, Amazonas department, Peru. (Bandelier 1940, only a few toponyms.) *Chancay – Chancay River, department of Lima. *Chicha – Cordillera de Chorolque, Potosí province, Bolivia. *Chincha – Chincha River in the department of Ica. *Chongo – near the city of Jauja, Junín department. *Chucurpu or Chocorvo – spoken in the Conquest days at the sources of the Churchinga River, Huancavelica department. *Conchuco – around the city of Pomabamba, department of Ancash. *Cutervo or Huambo – sources of the Chancay River, department of Junín. *Huacho – around the city of

Huacho Huacho () is a city in Peru, capital of the Huaura Province and capital of the Lima Region. Also is the most populated city of the Lima Region and Norte Chico civilization, Norte Chico. It is located 223 feet (68 metres) above sea level and 148&nbs ...

, Lima department. *Huamachi – on Chongos Alto, department of Junín. *Huamachuco – Condebamba River, department of Libertad. *Huamalí – Panao River, Huánuco department. *Huamanga – Peru. *Huambuco – Chinchipe River, Amazonas department. *Huanca or Wanka – Mantaro River, Junín department, now Quechuanized. *Huayla – middle course of the Santa River, Ancash department, now Quechuanized. *Hunacabamba – Chamaya River, Piura department. *Ica – Ica River, Ica department. *Lampa – Pativilca River, Ancash department. *Llamish – department of Lima in the Cordillera de Huantán. *Mizque – Mizque River, Cochabamba province, Bolivia; now Quechuanized. *Moquegua – department of

Moquegua Moquegua (, founded by the Spanish colonists as Villa de Santa Catalina de Guadalcázar del Valle de Moquegua) is a city in southern Peru, located in the Department of Moquegua, of which it is the capital. It is also capital of Mariscal Nieto Prov ...

, Peru; possibly a dialect of Aymara. *Moyobamba – around the city of Moyobamba, San Martín department; now Quechuanized. *Nazca – mouth of the Grande River, Ica department. *Ocro – sources of the Santa River, Ancash department. *Pocra – Peru. *Rimac – spoken in the Conquest days around the capital of Peru, Lima. *Rucana – near Andamarca, Ayacucho department. *Sipisipi – Peru. *Sora – Pampas River, Apurimac department. *Supe – Huaura River, department of Lima. *Tanquihua – around the city of Ayacucho, department of Ayacucho. *Tarapaca – province of Tarapacá, Chile. *Tomata – near the city of Tupiza, Potosí province, Bolivia. *Tomina – between the Mizque River and Pilcomayo River, Chuquisaca province, Bolivia; now Quechuanized. *Tutura – around the city of Totora, Cochabamba province, Bolivia; now Quechuanized. *Yampará – middle course of the Pilcomayo River, Chuquisaca province, Bolivia. *Yauyo – department of Lima, Peru, on the Mala River and Huaco River.

Ethnologue

'' 26 lists the following languages of South America as unclassified: * Awishira (Peru) * ~~Agavotaguerra~~ (Brazil – unattested, apparently a dialect of Yawalapití) * Aguano (Peru) *

(Colombia) * Himarimã (Brazil) * Kaimbé (Brazil) * Kambiwá (Brazil) * Kapinawá (Brazil) * Lule (Argentina) * Mato Grosso Arára (Brazil) * Pankararé (Brazil) * Pijao (Colombia) * Pumé (Yaruro, Venezuela) * Shenenawa (Brazil) * Tingui-Boto (Brazil) * Tremembé (Brazil) * Truká (Brazil) * Wakoná (Brazil) * Wasu (Brazil) However, ''Glottolog'' states that Agavotaguerra is not unclassified, but unattested; the only reports are that the Agavotaguerra speak Yawalapiti. In addition, ''Ethnologue'' classifies Aikanã, Uamué and Xukurú, all of Brazil as isolates, but they are too poorly attested to classify.

Additional languages at Glottolog

In addition to many of the languages above, Glottolog lists the following: *Apoto - lower Amazon, unattested *Cálenche (Cálen) = Fayjatases - Chile, 10 words *Envuelto - Colombia, 9 words *Guachipa(s) - Guachipas, Argentina, 3 words, Viegas Barros (2009) * Guaicaro (Guaïcaro) - Chile, possibly Alacalufan *Hoxa - Colombia *Pacahuaras-Castillo - Pacaguara, collected by Castillo *Pitaguary - Ceará, Brazil *Quepo(s) - Quepos, Costa Rica, 1 word, Lehmann (1920:238) * Tapajó - 3 words *Tembey - upper Paraná, 2 words, Ambrosetti (1896:332) *Unainuman - Içá River basin, short word list, Adelaar & Brijnen 2014 *Urucucú(s) - Tapajós River, unattested (see under Tapajó language) * Yanacona - name is the Quechua word for 'serf'; perhaps early Colombian Quechua

Other

Some additional languages have not made in into the lists above. *Boreal Pehuelche - Argentina, 1 word (apparently not the same as Puelche) * (Cabixi-Natterer) - Mato Grosso, Brazil, a short word-list. The name ' Kabixí' is a generic name for any hostile group, and has been used for a number of unattested languages. An ISO code for it (xbx) has been retired. It may be tonal. *Enoo - Chile, a few words (a neighbor of the Alacalufe) *Gamela of Viana - Maranhão, Brazil, 19 words (Nimendajú 1937:64) - the same as Gamela

References

{{South American languages Languages of South America Unclassified, South America

Campbell & Grondona (2012)

Loukotka (1968)

Southern South America and Chacos Region

Central Brazil

Northeast Brazil

North Central South America

South Central South America

Central South America

Northeast South America

Northern Andes

Former
Inca Empire The Inca Empire, officially known as the Realm of the Four Parts (, ), was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. The administrative, political, and military center of the empire was in the city of Cusco. The History of the Incas, Inca ...
region

Ethnologue

Additional languages at Glottolog

Other

See also

Further reading

References

Campbell & Grondona (2012)

Loukotka (1968)

Southern South America and Chacos Region

Central Brazil

Northeast Brazil

North Central South America

South Central South America

Central South America

Northeast South America

Northern Andes

Former Inca Empire The Inca Empire, officially known as the Realm of the Four Parts (, ), was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. The administrative, political, and military center of the empire was in the city of Cusco. The History of the Incas, Inca ... region

Ethnologue

Additional languages at Glottolog

Other

See also

Further reading

References

Former
Inca Empire The Inca Empire, officially known as the Realm of the Four Parts (, ), was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. The administrative, political, and military center of the empire was in the city of Cusco. The History of the Incas, Inca ...
region