A pseudocardinal (also quasi-cardinal or anticardinal) is a
cardinal
Cardinal or The Cardinal most commonly refers to
* Cardinalidae, a family of North and South American birds
**''Cardinalis'', genus of three species in the family Cardinalidae
***Northern cardinal, ''Cardinalis cardinalis'', the common cardinal of ...
created by an
antipope
An antipope () is a person who claims to be Bishop of Rome and leader of the Roman Catholic Church in opposition to the officially elected pope. Between the 3rd and mid-15th centuries, antipopes were supported by factions within the Church its ...
, that is, one whose appointed is not recognized as canonical by the
Catholic Church
The Catholic Church (), also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the List of Christian denominations by number of members, largest Christian church, with 1.27 to 1.41 billion baptized Catholics Catholic Church by country, worldwid ...
.
Status
Their state, like the state of the antipopes and the
anti-bishops these appointed/created, is disputed. Many pseudocardinals were created during the controversy between the
Holy See
The Holy See (, ; ), also called the See of Rome, the Petrine See or the Apostolic See, is the central governing body of the Catholic Church and Vatican City. It encompasses the office of the pope as the Bishops in the Catholic Church, bishop ...
and the
Holy Roman Empire
The Holy Roman Empire, also known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation after 1512, was a polity in Central and Western Europe, usually headed by the Holy Roman Emperor. It developed in the Early Middle Ages, and lasted for a millennium ...
during the
Western Schism
The Western Schism, also known as the Papal Schism, the Great Occidental Schism, the Schism of 1378, or the Great Schism (), was a split within the Catholic Church lasting from 20 September 1378 to 11 November 1417, in which bishops residing ...
, and some of the cardinals switched their obedience. The legitimacy of the popes of the different obediences during the Western Schism was not a clear matter for their contemporaries. The terms ''antipope'', ''pseudocardinal'' and ''anticardinal'' were not used at that time, but they are now used by some modern Roman Catholic historians.
Creations by antipopes
The following antipopes created pseudo-cardinals (with status and age at time of creation in parentheses when available) :
Anacletus II
;
Antipope Anacletus II
Anacletus II (died January 25, 1138), born Pietro Pierleoni, was an antipope who ruled in opposition to Pope Innocent II from 1130 until his death in 1138. After the death of Pope Honorius II, the college of Cardinal (Catholic Church), cardinals ...
(1130–1138) - 3 consistories, 8 pseudocardinals
# Consistory of 1130.03.29
## Germano, Cardinal-Deacon
## Gregorio Otone, Cardinal-Deacon
## Pietro, O.S.B. Cas., Cardinal-Deacon
# Consistory of 1131
## Donato, Cardinal-Priest
## Anselmo, Cardinal-Priest
## Rainaldo, Cardinal-Deacon
## Matteo, Cardinal-Deacon
# Consistory of 1135.03.31 : only Benedetto, O.S.B. Cas., Cardinal-Priest
Nicholas V
;
Antipope Nicholas V
Nicholas V, born Pietro Rainalducci (c. 125816 October 1333) was an antipope in Italy from 12 May 1328 to 25 July 1330 during the pontificate of Pope John XXII (1316–1334) at Avignon. He was the last antipope set up by a Holy Roman Emperor.
...
(1328–1330) - 4 consistories, 9 pseudocardinals
# Consistory of 1328.05.15
## , Bishop emeritus of Castello, Cardinal-Bishop
## , Cardinal-Bishop
## , O.P., Bishop of Chersonissos, Cardinal-Bishop
## , O.E.S.A., Cardinal-Priest
## , Cardinal-Priest
## , Cardinal-Deacon
# Consistory of 1328.09
## , O.F.M., Cardinal-Deacon
# Consistory of 1329.01.19
##
Giovanni Visconti (38), Cardinal-Deacon
# Consistory of 1329
## , Cardinal-Deacon
Western Schism
Clement VII
;
Antipope Clement VII
Robert of Geneva (; 1342 – 16 September 1394) was elected to the papacy as Clement VII () by the cardinals who opposed Pope Urban VI and was the first antipope residing in Avignon, France. His election led to the Western Schism.
The son of ...
(1378–1394) - 12 consistories, 33 pseudocardinals
# Consistory of 1378.12.18 (6)
##
Giacomo da Itri, Patriarch of Constantinople and Metropolitan Archbishop of Otranto (Italy), Cardinal-Priest
##
Niccolò Brancaccio (38), Metropolitan Archbishop of Cosenza (Italy), Cardinal-Priest
## Pierre Amiel de Sarcenas, O.S.B. Clun. (69), Metropolitan Archbishop of Embrun (France), Cardinal-Priest
## Pierre-Raymond de Barrière, C.R.S.A., Bishop of Autun (France), Cardinal-Priest
## Nicolas de Saint Saturnin, O.P., Master of the Sacred Palace of Prefecture of the Holy Apostolic Palaces, Cardinal-Priest
## Leonardo Rossi da Giffoni, O.F.M.,
Minister General
Minister general is the term used for the head or superior general of the different branches of the Order of Friars Minor. It is a term exclusive to the order and comes directly from its founder, St. Francis of Assisi.
Terminology
Francis chose ...
emeritus of Order of Friars Minor (Franciscans), Cardinal-Priest
# Consistory of 1381.03.19 : only Gautier Gómez de Luna, Bishop of Palencia (Spain)
# Consistory of 1382.05.30 : only Tommaso Clausse, O.P., Cardinal-Priest
# Consistory of 1383.12.23 :
##
Pierre de Cros, O.S.B. Clun., Metropolitan Archbishop of Arles (France) and Chamberlain of the Holy Roman Church of Reverend Apostolic Camera, Cardinal-Priest
## Faydit d’Aigrefeuille, O.S.B. Clun., Bishop of Avignon (France), Cardinal-Priest
## Aymery de Magnac, Bishop of Paris (France), Cardinal-Priest
## Jacques de Menthonay, Cardinal-Priest
##
Amedeo di Saluzzo (22), Bishop of Valence (France), Cardinal-Deacon
##
Pierre Aycelin de Montaigut, O.S.B. Clun. (63), Bishop of Laon (France), Cardinal-Priest
##
Walter Wardlaw
Walter Wardlaw (died ) was a 14th-century bishop of Glasgow in Scotland.
Biography
Wardlaw was the son of a Sir Henry Wardlaw of Torry, a middling knight of Fife. Before becoming bishop, Walter was a canon of Glasgow, a Master of Theology and a ...
(66), Bishop of Glasgow (Scotland), Cardinal-Priest
## Jean de Neufchatel (43), Bishop of Toul (France), Cardinal-Priest
## Pierre de Fetigny, Cardinal-Deacon
# Consistory of 1384.04.15 : only
Pierre de Luxembourg (14), Bishop of Metz (France), Cardinal-Deacon
# Consistory of 1385.07.12 :
## Bertrand de Chanac, Patriarch of Jerusalem and Apostolic Administrator of Le Puy-en-Velay (France), Cardinal-Priest
## Tommaso Ammannati, Metropolitan Archbishop of Napoli (Italy), Cardinal-Priest
## Giovanni Piacentini, Metropolitan Archbishop emeritus of Patrasso and Apostolic Administrator emeritus of Castello, Cardinal-Priest
## Amaury de Lautrec, Bishop of Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges (France), Cardinal-Priest
## Jean de Murol (45), Bishop of Genève (Switzerland), Cardinal-Priest
## Jean Rolland, Bishop of Amiens (France), Cardinal-Priest
##
Jean Allarmet de Brogny
Jean-Allarmet de Brogny (1342 – 16 February 1426) was a French Cardinal (Catholicism), Cardinal.
Biography
He was born in the hamlet of Brogny, now part of Annecy-le-Vieux in Savoy.
Biographers are not agreed as to his parentage and real name. ...
(43), Bishop of Viviers (France), Cardinal-Priest
##
Pierre de Thury, Bishop of Maillezais, Cardinal-Priest
# Consistory of 1387.01 : only Jerónimo de Aragón (45), Bishop of Valencia (Spain), Cardinal-Priest
# Consistory of 1389.11.03 : only
Jean de Talaru, Metropolitan Archbishop of Lyon (France), Cardinal-Priest
# Consistory of 1390.07.21 : only
Martín de Zalba (53), Bishop of Pamplona (Spain), Cardinal-Priest
# Consistory of 1390.10.17 (2)
##
Jean Flandrin (89), Metropolitan Archbishop of Auch (France), Cardinal-Priest
##
Pierre Girard, Bishop of Le Puy-en-Velay (France), Cardinal-Priest
# Consistory of 1391.04.17 : only Guillaume de Vergy (41), Metropolitan Archbishop of Besançon (France), Cardinal-Priest
# Consistory of 1394.01.23 : only
Pedro Fernández de Frías, Bishop of Osma (Spain), Cardinal-Priest
Benedict XIII
;
Antipope Benedict XIII
Pedro Martínez de Luna y Pérez de Gotor (25 November 1328 – 23 May 1423), known as () or Pope Luna, was an Aragonese nobleman who was antipope with the regnal name Benedict XIII during the Western Schism.
Early life
Pedro Martínez de Lu ...
(1394–1423) - 7 consistories, 19 pseudocardinals
# Consistory of 1395.12.24 : only Pierre Blain, Cardinal-Deacon
# Consistory of 1397.09.22
## Fernando Pérez Calvillo, Bishop of Tarazona (Spain), Cardinal-Priest
## Jofré de Boil, Cardinal-Deacon
## Pedro Serra, Bishop of Catania (Italy), Cardinal-Priest
# Consistory of 1397.12.21
## Berenguer de Anglesola, Bishop of Gerona (Spain), Cardinal-Priest
## Bonifacio Ammannati, Cardinal-Deacon
##
Louis de Bar (27), Bishop-elect of Langres (France), Cardinal-Deacon
# Consistory of 1404.05.09
## Miguel de Zalba (30), Cardinal-Deacon
##
Antoine de Challant (54), Cardinal-Deacon
# Consistory of 1408.09.22
## Pierre Ravat,
Canons Regular of Saint Augustine
The Canons Regular of St. Augustine are Catholic priests who live in community under a rule ( and κανών, ''kanon'', in Greek) and are generally organised into religious orders, differing from both secular canons and other forms of religious ...
(C.R.S.A.), Bishop of Saint-Pons-de-Thomières (France), Cardinal-Priest
## Jean d’Armagnac (58), Metropolitan Archbishop emeritus of Auch (France), Cardinal-Priest
## Friar Juan Martínez de Murillo,
Cistercian Order
The Cistercians (), officially the Order of Cistercians (, abbreviated as OCist or SOCist), are a Catholic religious order of monks and nuns that branched off from the Benedictines and follow the Rule of Saint Benedict, as well as the contri ...
(O. Cist.), Cardinal-Priest
## Carlos Jordán de Urriés y Pérez Salanova, Cardinal-Deacon
##
Alfonso Carrillo de Albornoz, Cardinal-Deacon
# Consistory of 1412.12.14 : only
Pedro Fonseca, Cardinal-Deacon
# Consistory of 1423.05.22
##
Julián Lobera y Valtierra Julián is the Spanish equivalent of the name Julian. Notable people with the name include:
* Julián, Julián Cuesta, Spanish footballer
* Julián Orbón (1925–1991) Cuban composer
* Julián Carrón (1950) Spanish Catholic theologian
* Juli� ...
, Cardinal-Priest
## Ximeno Dahe, Cardinal-Priest
## Domingo de Bonnefoi,
Carthusians
The Carthusians, also known as the Order of Carthusians (), are a Latin enclosed religious order of the Catholic Church. The order was founded by Bruno of Cologne in 1084 and includes both monks and nuns. The order has its own rule, called the ...
(O. Cart.), Cardinal-Priest
## Bishop
Jean Carrier, Cardinal-Priest
John XXIII
;
Antipope John XXIII
Baldassarre Cossa (died 22 December 1419) was Pisan antipope as John XXIII (1410–1415) during the Western Schism. The Catholic Church today regards him as an antipope in opposition to Pope Gregory XII, whom it recognizes as the rightful succ ...
(1410–1415) - 4 consistories, 18 pseudocardinals
# Consistory of 1411.06.06
## Francesco Lando, Latin Patriarch of Constantinople and Latin Patriarch emeritus of Grado (Italy), Cardinal-Priest
##
Antonio Panciera (61), Latin Patriarch of Aquileia (Italy), Cardinal-Priest
##
Alemanno Adimari (49), Metropolitan Archbishop of Pisa (Italy), Cardinal-Priest
## João Afonso Esteves da Azambuja (71), Metropolitan Archbishop of Lisboa (Portugal), Cardinal-Priest
##
Pierre d'Ailly
Pierre d'Ailly (; ; 13519 August 1420) was a French theologian, astrologer and cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church.
Academic career
D'Ailly was born in Compiègne in 1350 or 1351 of a prosperous bourgeois family. He studied in Paris at the Co ...
(61), Bishop of Cambrai (France), Cardinal-Priest
## Georg von Liechtenstein-Nicolsburg (51), Bishop of Trento (Italy), declined his uncanonical promotion
##
Tommaso Brancaccio
Tommaso Brancaccio (1621 – 29 April 1677) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Nardò (1669–1677) and Bishop of Avellino e Frigento (1656–1669). ''(in Latin)'' ''(in Latin)'' , Bishop of Tricarico (Italy), Cardinal-Priest
##
Branda Castiglione (61), Bishop emeritus of Piacenza (Italy), Cardinal-Priest
## Archbishop
Thomas Langley (48), Bishop of Durham (England), Cardinal-Priest
## Archbishop
Robert Hallam, Bishop of Salisbury (England), Cardinal-Priest
##
Gilles Deschamps (61), Bishop of Coutances (France), Cardinal-Priest
## Guglielmo Carbone, Bishop of Chieti (Italy), Cardinal-Priest
## Father
Guillaume Fillastre (63), Cardinal-Priest
## Msgr. Lucido Conti, Cardinal-Deacon
##
Francesco Zabarella
Francesco Zabarella (10 August 1360 – 26 September 1417) was an Italian Cardinal (Catholicism), cardinal and canonist.
Appointment as bishop
Born in Padua, he studied jurisprudence at Bologna and at Florence, where he graduated in 1385. He tau ...
(50), Bishop of Firenze (Italy), Cardinal-Deacon
# Consistory of 1413.04.13 : only
Simon of Cramaud (68), Latin Patriarch of Alexandria, Metropolitan Archbishop of Reims (France) and Apostolic Administrator of Avignon (France), Cardinal-Priest
# Consistory of 1413.11.18 : only Giacomo Isolani (53), Cardinal-Deacon
# Consistory of 1414.09 : only
Pierre de Foix, O.F.M. (28), Bishop of Lescar (France), Cardinal-Priest
Clement VIII
;
Antipope Clement VIII (1423–1429) - 1 consistories, 2 pseudocardinals
# Consistory of 26 July 1429
##
##
Felix V
;
Antipope Felix V
Amadeus VIII (4 September 1383 – 7 January 1451), nicknamed the Peaceful, was Count of Savoy from 1391 to 1416 and Duke of Savoy from 1416 to 1440. He was a claimant to the papacy from 1439 to 1449 as Felix VWhen numbering of the popes began ...
(1439–1449) - 5 consistories, 25 pseudocardinals
# Consistory of 1440.04.12
##
Louis de La Palud, O.S.B., bishop of Lausanne
##
Bartolomeo Visconti, bishop of Novara.
## , bishop elect of Utrecht, Netherlands
##
Alfonso Carrillo de Acuña, administrator of the see of Sigüenza
# Consistory of 1440.10.02
##
Aleksander Mazowiecki, prince-bishop of Trent
## , bishop of Tortosa
##
Jordi d'Ornós, bishop of Vich, Spain
## , O.S.B., bishop of Geneva
## , O.S.B., bishop of Dax
##
John of Ragusa, O.P., bishop of Ardjisch, Walachia
## , vicar general of Freising
##
John of Segovia, archdeacon of Villaviciosa, Oviedo
# Consistory of 1440.11.12
##
Amédée de Talaru, archbishop of Lyon
## , bishop of Paris
## , archbishop of Tours
##
Niccolò Tedeschi, O.S.B., archbishop of Palermo
##
Gérard Machet, bishop of Castres
##
Jean de Malestroit, bishop of Nantes, France.
# Consistory of 1444.04.06
##
Jean d'Arces, archbishop of Tarentaise
## , bishop of Viseu
##
Wincenty Kot z Dębna, archbishop of Gniezno and primate of Poland
##
Guillaume-Hugues d'Estaing, O.S.B., archdeacon of Metz
## , bishop of Corneto e Montefiascone
## , canon of the cathedral chapter of Amiens
# Consistory of 1447.08.01
##
Lancelot de Lusignan, patriarch of Jerusalem.
Sources and external links
GCatholic - Creations of (pseudo)cardinals by (Anti-)Pope*
*
*
*
*
{{Antipopes
Western Schism