quarries

A quarry is a type of open-pit mine in which dimension stone, rock, construction aggregate, riprap, sand, gravel, or slate is excavated from the ground. The operation of quarries is regulated in some jurisdictions to manage their safety risks and reduce their environmental impact.

The word ''quarry'' can also include the underground quarrying for stone, such as Bath stone.

History

For thousands of years, only hand tools had been used in quarries. In the eighteenth century, the use of drilling and blasting operations was mastered.

Types of rock

Types of rock extracted from quarries include:
*Chalk
*China clay
*Cinder
*Clay
*Coal
*Construction aggregate (sand and gravel)
*Coquina
*Diabase
*Gabbro
*Granite
*Gritstone
*Gypsum
*Limestone
*Marble
*Ores
*Phosphate rock
*Quartz
*Sandstone
*Slate
*Travertine

Methods of quarrying

The method of removal of stones from their natural bed by using different operations is called quarrying. Methods of quarrying include:
*a) Digging – This method is used when the quarry consists of small and soft pieces of stones.
*b) Heating – This method is used when the natural rock bed is horizontal and small in thickness.
*c) Wedging –This method is used when the hard rock consists of natural fissure. When natural fissures are absent then artificial fissures are prepared by drilling holes.
*d) Blasting – It is the process of removal of stones with the help of controlled explosives is filled in the holes of the stones. Line of least resistance plays very important role in the blasting process.

Following steps are used in the blasting process;
*1) Drilling holes – Blast holes are drilled by using drilling machines.
*2) Charging – Explosive powders are fed into the cleaned & dried blast holes.
*3) Tamping – The remaining portion of the blast holes are filled by clay, ash, fuse and wirings.
*4) Firing –The fuses of blasting holes are fired by using electrical power supply or match sticks.

Slabs

Many quarry stones such as marble, granite, limestone, and sandstone are cut into larger slabs and removed from the quarry. The surfaces are polished and finished with varying degrees of sheen or luster. Polished slabs are often cut into tiles or countertops and installed in many kinds of residential and commercial properties. Natural stone quarried from the earth is often considered a luxury and tends to be a highly durable surface, thus highly desirable.

Problems

Quarries in level areas with shallow groundwater or which are located close to surface water often have engineering problems with drainage. Generally the water is removed by pumping while the quarry is operational, but for high inflows more complex approaches may be required. For example, the Coquina quarry is excavated to more than below sea level.

To reduce surface leakage, a moat lined with clay was constructed around the entire quarry. Groundwater entering the pit is pumped up into the moat. As a quarry becomes deeper, water inflows generally increase and it also becomes more expensive to lift the water higher during removal; this can become the limiting factor in quarry depth. Some water-filled quarries are worked from beneath the water, by dredging.

Many people and municipalities consider quarries to be eyesores and require various abatement methods to address problems with noise, dust, and appearance. One of the more effective and famous examples of successful quarry restoration is Butchart Gardens in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.

A further problem is pollution of roads from trucks leaving the quarries. To control and restrain the pollution of public roads, wheel washing systems are becoming more common.

Quarry lakes

Many quarries naturally fill with water after abandonment and become lakes. Others are made into landfills.

Water-filled quarries can be very deep, often or more, and surprisingly cold, so swimming in quarry lakes is generally not recommended. Unexpectedly cold water can cause a swimmer's muscles to suddenly weaken; it can also cause shock and even hypothermia. Though quarry water is often very clear, submerged quarry stones, abandoned equipment, dead animals and strong currents make diving into these quarries extremely dangerous. Several people drown in quarries each year. However, many inactive quarries are converted into safe swimming sites.

Such lakes, even lakes within active quarries, can provide important habitat for animals.

See also

* List of quarries
* List of quarries in the United States
*Clay pit
*Coal mining
* Collecting fossils
* Fair Stone standard
* Gravel pit
*List of minerals
* List of rock types
* List of stones
*Miner
* Mountaintop removal mining
* Opencast mining
* Quarry lake
* Quarries (biblical)

References

S.K Duggal "Building Materials" (2003) 3rd revised editio
Quarries

External links

{{Authority control

Environmental impact of mining

Surface mining