Quadrigyridae is the only
family
Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...
within Gyracanthocephala, an
order
Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to:
* Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood
* Heterarchy, a system of organization wherein the elements have the potential to be ranked a number of ...
of
parasitic
Parasitism is a close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or inside another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life. The entomologist E. O. Wilson ha ...
worm
Worms are many different distantly related bilateral animals that typically have a long cylindrical tube-like body, no limbs, and no eyes (though not always).
Worms vary in size from microscopic to over in length for marine polychaete worm ...
s of
class
Class or The Class may refer to:
Common uses not otherwise categorized
* Class (biology), a taxonomic rank
* Class (knowledge representation), a collection of individuals or objects
* Class (philosophy), an analytical concept used differently ...
Eoacanthocephala
Eoacanthocephala is a class of parasitic worms, within the phylum Acanthocephala. They feed on any aquatic cold-blooded creature such as turtles and fish. Their proboscis spines are arranged radially, with no protonephridia, and with persistent ...
. This family contains two
subfamilies
In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end subfamily botanical names with "-oideae", and zoologi ...
, ten
genera
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial ...
and about 92
species
In biology, a species is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of ...
.
Species
Species in ''Quadrigyridae'' are divided into two subfamilies: Pallisentinae
Van Cleave, 1928 with five genera and Quadrigyrinae
Van Cleave, 1920 with three.
Pallisentinae Van Cleave, 1928
Acanthogyrus
Golvan in 1959 divided the genus
Acanthogyrus Thapar, 1927 into two subgenera:
Acanthogyrus and
Acanthosentis based on the number of
proboscis
A proboscis () is an elongated appendage from the head of an animal, either a vertebrate or an invertebrate. In invertebrates, the term usually refers to tubular mouthparts used for feeding and sucking. In vertebrates, a proboscis is an elonga ...
hooks; there are 18 (3 circles of 6 hooks each) in Acanthosentis and 24 (3 circles of 8 hooks each) in Acanthogyrus.
''Acanthogyrus (Acanthogyrus)''
Thapar, 1927
* ''Acanthogyrus acanthogyrus''
Thapar, 1927
* ''Acanthogyrus tripathi''
Rai, 1967
''Acanthogyrus (Acanthosentis)''
Verma and Datta, 1929
* ''Acanthogyrus acanthuri''
(Cable and Quick, 1954)
* ''Acanthogyrus adriaticus''
Amin, 2005
* ''Acanthogyrus alternatspinus''
Amin, 2005
* ''Acanthogyrus anguillae''
(Wang, 1981)
* ''Acanthogyrus antespinus''
(Verma and Datta, 1929)
* ''Acanthogyrus arii''
(Bilqees, 1971)
* ''Acanthogyrus bacailai''
(Verma, 1973)
* ''Acanthogyrus barmeshoori''
Amin, Gholami, Akhlaghi and Heckmann, 2013
* ''Acanthogyrus betwai''
(Tripathi, 1956)
* ''Acanthogyrus bilaspurensis''
(Chowhan, Gupta and Khera, 1987)
* ''Acanthogyrus cameroni''
(Gupta and Kajaji, 1969)
* ''Acanthogyrus cheni''
Amin, 2005
* ''Acanthogyrus dattai''
(Podder, 1938)
* ''Acanthogyrus giuris''
(Soota and Sen, 1956)
* ''Acanthogyrus gobindi''
(Chowhan, Gupta and Khera, 1987)
* ''Acanthogyrus golvani''
(Gupta and Jain, 1980)
* ''Acanthogyrus heterospinus''
(Khan and Bilqees, 1990)
* ''Acanthogyrus holospinus''
(Sen, 1937)
* ''Acanthogyrus indicus''
(Tripathi, 1959)
* ''Acanthogyrus intermedius''
(Achmerov and Dombrovskaja-Achmerova, 1941)
* ''Acanthogyrus lizae''
(Wang, 1986)
* ''Acanthogyrus malawiensis''
Amin and Hendrix, 1999
* ''Acanthogyrus maroccanus''
( Dollfus, 1951)
* ''Acanthogyrus multispinus''
Wang, 1966
* ''Acanthogyrus nigeriensis''
Dollfus and Golvan, 1956
* ''Acanthogyrus papilo''
Troncy and Vassiliades, 1974
* ''Acanthogyrus parareceptaclis''
Amin, 2005
* ''Acanthogyrus partispinus''
(Furtado, 1963)
* ''Acanthogyrus paucispinus''
Wang, 1966
* ''Acanthogyrus periophthalmi''
(Wang, 1980)
* ''Acanthogyrus phillipi''
(Mashego, 1988)
* ''Acanthogyrus putitorae''
(Chowhan, Gupta and Khera, 1988)
* ''Acanthogyrus scomberomori''
(Wang, 1980)
* ''Acanthogyrus seenghalae''
(Chowhan, Gupta and Khera, 1988)
* ''Acanthogyrus shashiensis''
(Tso, Chen, and Chien, 1974)
* ''Acanthogyrus shuklai''
(Agrawal and Singh, 1982)
* ''Acanthogyrus siamensis''
(Farooqi and Sirikanchana, 1987)
* ''Acanthogyrus similis''
(Wang, 1980)
* ''Acanthogyrus sircari''
(Podder, 1941)
* ''Acanthogyrus thapari''
(Parasad, Sahay and Shambhunath, 1969)
* ''Acanthogyrus tilapiae''
(Baylis, 1948) [ ]
* ''Acanthogyrus vancleavei''
(Gupta and Fatma, 1986)
* ''Acanthogyrus vittatusi''
(Verma, 1973)
Hexaspiron
Hexaspiron
Dollfus and Golvan, 1956 contains two species:
* ''Hexaspiron nigericum''
Dollfus and Golvan, 1956
* ''Hexaspiron spinibarbi''
Yu and Wang, 1977
Palliolisentis
''Palliolisentis''
Machado-Filho, 1960 contains three species:
* ''Palliolisentis ornatus''
Machado-Filho, 1960
* ''Palliolisentis polyonca''
Schmidt and Hugghins, 1973
* ''Palliolisentis quinqueungulis''
Machado-Filho, 1960 (type species)
Pallisentis
''Pallisentis''
Van Cleave, 1928 is divided into three subgenera: Brevitritospinus, Demidueterospinus, and Pallisentis with 26 species:
* ''Pallisentis channai''
Gupta, Maurya and Saxena, 2015
* ''Pallisentis vinodai''
Gupta, Maurya and Saxena, 2015
''Pallisentis (Brevitritospinus)''
Amin, Heckmann, Ha, Luc and Doanh, 2000
* ''Pallisentis allahabadii''
Agarwal, 1958
* ''Pallisentis cavasii''
Gupta and Verma, 1980
* ''Pallisentis croftoni''
Mital and Lal, 1981
* ''Pallisentis fasciati''
Gupta and Verma, 1980
* ''Pallisentis fotedari''
Gupta and Sinha, 1991
* ''Pallisentis guntei''
Sahay, Nath, and Sinha, 1967
* ''Pallisentis indica''
Mital and Lal, 1981
* ''Pallisentis mehrai''
Gupta and Fatma, 1986
* ''Pallisentis punctati''
Gupta, Gupta, and Singhal, 2015
* ''Pallisentis vietnamensis''
Amin, Heckmann, Ha, Luc and Doanh, 2000
''Pallisentis (Demidueterospinus)''
Amin, Heckmann, Ha, Luc and Doanh, 2000
* ''Pallisentis basiri''
Farooqi, 1958
* ''Pallisentis ophiocephali''
(Thapar, 1931)
''Pallisentis (Pallisentis)''
Van Cleave, 1928
* ''Pallisentis celatus''
(Van Cleave, 1928)
* ''Pallisentis cholodkowskyi''
(Kostylev, 1928)
* ''Pallisentis chongqingensis''
Liu and Zhang, 1993
* ''Pallisentis clupei''
Gupta and Gupta, 1980
* ''Pallisentis colisai''
Sarkar, 1956
* ''Pallisentis gaboes''
(Maccallum, 1918)
* ''Pallisentis garuai''
(Sahay, Sinha and Ghosh, 1971)
* ''Pallisentis gomtii''
Gupta and Verma, 1980
* ''Pallisentis guptai''
Gupta and Fatma, 1986
* ''Pallisentis jagani''
Koul, Raina, Bambroo and Koul, 1992
* ''Pallisentis kalriai''
Khan and Bilqees, 1985
* ''Pallisentis magnum''
Saeed and Bilgees, 1971
* ''Pallisentis nagpurensis
(Bhalerao, 1931)
* ''Pallisentis nandai''
Sarkar, 1953
* ''Pallisentis pesteri''
(Tadros, 1966)
* ''Pallisentis rexus''
Wongkham and Whitfield, 1999
* ''Pallisentis singaporensis''
Khan and Ip, 1988
* ''Pallisentis sindensis''
Khan and Bilqees, 1987
* ''Pallisentis umbellatus''
Van Cleave, 1928
* ''Pallisentis ussuriensis''
(Kostylev, 1941)
Pararaosentis
''Pararaosentis''
Amin, Heckmann, Ha, Luc and Doanh, 2000 contains only one species:
* ''Pararaosentis golvani''
(Troncy and Vassiliades, 1973)
Raosentis
''Raosentis''
Datta, 1947 contains five species:
* ''Raosentis dattai''
Gupta and Fatma, 1986
* ''Raosentis godavarensis''
Vankara and Vijayalakshmi, 2009
* ''Raosentis ivaniosi''
George and Nadakal, 1978
* ''Raosentis podderi''
Datta, 1947
* ''Raosentis thapari''
Rai, 1967
Triaspiron
''Triaspiron''
Smales, Aydogdu and Emre, 2012 contains only one species:
* ''Triaspiron aphanii''
Smales, Aydogdu and Emre, 2012
Quadrigyrinae Van Cleave, 1920
Acanthodelta
''Acanthodelta''
Diaz-Ungria and Gracia-Rodrigo, 1958 contains one species:
*''Acanthodelta scorzai''
(Diaz-Ungria and Gracia-Rodrigo, 1957)
Machadosentis
''Machadosentis''
Noronha, 1992 contains only one species:
*''Machadosentis travassosi''
Noronha, 1992
Quadrigyrus
''Quadrigyrus''
Van Cleave, 1920 contains 9 species:
* ''Quadrigyrus brasiliensis''
Machado-Filho, 1941
* ''Quadrigyrus chinensis''
Mao, 1979
* ''Quadrigyrus guptai''
Gupta and Gunjan-Sinh, 1992
* ''Quadrigyrus machadoi''
Fabio, 1983
* ''Quadrigyrus nickoli''
Schmidt and Hugghins, 1973
* ''Quadrigyrus polyspinosus''
Li, 1984
* ''Quadrigyrus rhodei''
Wang, 1980
* ''Quadrigyrus simhai''
Gupta and Fatma, 1986
* ''Quadrigyrus torquatus''
Van Cleave, 1920
Hosts
''Quadrigyridae'' species parasitize fish.
File:Catla catla.JPG, alt=Catla on a towel, The catla
Catla (''Labeo catla''), ( bn, কাতলা, translit=kātlā) also known as the major South Asian carp, is an economically important South Asian freshwater fish in the carp family Cyprinidae. It is native to rivers and lakes in northern Indi ...
is a host of ''Acanthogyrus acanthogyrus''
Notes
References
*
{{Taxonbar, from=Q2197866
Eoacanthocephala
Acanthocephala families