Quad (typography)

In typography, a quad (originally '' quadrat'') was a metal spacer used in letterpress typesetting. The term was later adopted as the generic name for two common sizes of spaces in typography, regardless of the form of typesetting used. An em quad (originally ''m quadrat'') is a space that is one '' em'' wide; as wide as the height of the font. An en quad (originally ''n quadrat'') is a space that is one '' en'' wide: half the width of an em quad.

Both are encoded as characters in the General Punctuation code block of the Unicode character set as and , which are also defined to be canonically equivalent to and respectively.

LaTeX markup uses \quad for an em quad, and has other related whitespace escape sequences.

History

In 1683, in Joseph Moxon's book on the art of printing, the terms ''m'' and ''n quadrat'' are attested:

And as there is three Heighths or Sizes to be considered in Letters Cut to the same Body, so is there three Sizes to be considered, with respect to the Thicknesses of all these Letters, when the ''Punches'' are to be Forged: For some are m thick; by m thick is meant m ''Quadrat'' thick, which is just so thick as the Body is high: Some are n thick; that is to say, n ''Quadrat'' thick, ' half so thick as the Body is high: And some are ''Space'' thick; that is, one quarter so thick as the Body is high; though ..we shall call these Spaces, Thick Spaces.

In 1771, in the first edition of the ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', it says:

, in printing, a piece of metal cast like the letters, to fill up the void spaces between words, etc. There are quadrats of different sizes, as m-quadrats, n-quadrats, etc., which are, respectively, of the dimensions of these letters.

In 1841, in William Savage's ''A Dictionary of the Art of Printing'', the terms ''em'' and ''en quadrat'' are attested:

QUADRATS. Pieces of type metal, of the depth of the body of the respective sizes to which they are cast, and lower than types, so as to leave a blank space on the paper, when printed, where they are placed: an en quadrat is half as thick as its depth; an em quadrat is equal in thickness and depth, and, being square on its surface, is ''the'' true quadrat, from ''quadratus'', squared; a two em quadrat is twice the thickness of its depth; a three em three times; and a four em four times, as their names specify. Four ems are the largest quadrats that are cast. They are used to fill out short lines; to form white lines; and to justify letters, figures, &c., in any part of a line or page.

In 1903, in '' Chambers Dictionary'', the term ''quad'' is attested:

Quad, kwod, ' (') an abbreviation of ''quadrat''.— to fill with quadrats.

..br>
Quadrat, kwod′rat, ' a piece of type-metal lower than the letters, used in spacing between words and filling out blank lines (commonly Quad)—distinguished as ''en'' , ''em'' , ''two-em'' , and ''three-em'' .

Notes

References

Typography
Unicode
Whitespace
Printing

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